Cloning :: science

CloningIntroduction Todays technology develops so quickly that many infeasible things pay off true the copy technology is the example. What is cloning? Cloning is a process used to create an exact copy of a mammal by use the complete genetic material of a regular body electric cell. Different from the common propagate, cloning need only one cell and without sex. In 1997, the nifty news shocked the whole world that the British scientists created a lamp named Dolly from a single cell, miraculously the cell had been taken from the udder of bounteous sheep, which tape the first cloning experiment was successful.The history of cloningAbout the cloning history, we trace back to 400 million years BC, the plants could clone themselves but non to long. The human found the cloning 200 years ago, the first person who did the cloning experiment is a German biologist named Han Spermann, he uses the bullock block exsanguinous to clone chicken in 1938 but it was failed. Until 1981, Kal I llmensee and Peter Hoppe report that they clone normal mice and embryo cell it was a huge progress of the cloning history. after(prenominal) 2 years, the embryologists in UAS first cloned the humans cells they put 32 cells into a surrogate father, and then have cloned 4 extra aforementioned(prenominal) cells. In 1997, Ian Wilmut and his colleague Keith Campbell cloned a new adult sheep called Dolly. (Will, April 2002) So human spends long time on cloning research.The process of cloningThe cloning has both principal(prenominal) parts, one is the plant cloning and the other is the animal cloning. One type of plant cloning naturally occurs when a plant grows a base runner. The runner grows horizontally across the ground forming a carbon copy of that same plant at the end. Eventually the runner dies and the daughter plant is separated from the mother plant. another(prenominal) is when you cut a branch or leaf off of a plant and plant it. It will grow another identical plant. That method is called a cutting. Such as stolon, it is a weak branch of a plant, when it falls over and the tip touches the ground. The tip swells and roots are formed so that process in the plant can continue.The other kind of cloning in animals is nuclear transfer cloning. Nuclear transfer is when the nucleus of one cell is planted into another cell that has had the nucleus taken out.Cloning scienceCloningIntroduction Todays technology develops so quickly that many impossible things become true the cloning technology is the example. What is cloning? Cloning is a process used to create an exact copy of a mammal by using the complete genetic material of a regular body cell. Different from the common propagate, cloning need only one cell and without sex. In 1997, the great news shocked the whole world that the British scientists created a lamp named Dolly from a single cell, miraculously the cell had been taken from the udder of adult sheep, which show the first cloning experiment w as successful.The history of cloningAbout the cloning history, we trace back to 400 million years BC, the plants could clone themselves but not to long. The human found the cloning 200 years ago, the first person who did the cloning experiment is a German biologist named Han Spermann, he uses the egg white to clone chicken in 1938 but it was failed. Until 1981, Kal Illmensee and Peter Hoppe report that they clone normal mice and embryo cell it was a huge progress of the cloning history. After 2 years, the embryologists in UAS first cloned the humans cells they put 32 cells into a surrogate mother, and then have cloned 4 extra same cells. In 1997, Ian Wilmut and his colleague Keith Campbell cloned a new adult sheep called Dolly. (Will, April 2002) So human spends long time on cloning research.The process of cloningThe cloning has two main parts, one is the plant cloning and the other is the animal cloning. One type of plant cloning naturally occurs when a plant grows a runner. The ru nner grows horizontally across the ground forming a carbon copy of that same plant at the end. Eventually the runner dies and the daughter plant is separated from the mother plant. Another is when you cut a branch or leaf off of a plant and plant it. It will grow another identical plant. That method is called a cutting. Such as stolon, it is a weak branch of a plant, when it falls over and the tip touches the ground. The tip swells and roots are formed so that growth in the plant can continue.The other kind of cloning in animals is nuclear transfer cloning. Nuclear transfer is when the nucleus of one cell is implanted into another cell that has had the nucleus taken out.

Comparing Development of the King in Richard II, Richard III, Henry IV,

Shakespeares Development of the KinginRichard II, Richard III, henry IV, Henry V Shakespeares plays beginning with Richard II and concluding with Henry V presents an interesting tonus at the role of a king. Englands search for the mirror of all Christian kings provided the opportunity to explore the many facets of kingship showing the strengths and weaknesses of twain the position and the men who filled that position. Through careful examination, Shakespeare develops the king as a physical, emotional, and psychological being. By presenting the strengths and weaknesses of these characteristics, Shakespeare presents a unified look at the excogitation of kingship and demonstrates that failure to achieve proper balance in the king versus the man struggle, leads to the ongoing bloodshed examined in this tetralogy and the next. Richard II demonstrates the extreme of the conceit of divine right. He abuses his power and position caring only for the regal image he projects. His desir e is for the physical, majestic appearance accompanied by the power and wealth of royalty. Richard desires to look the part which he succeeds in doing. In Richard II III.iii, York says of Richard in line 68, Yet looks he like a king Richard does not care if he truly is a king with regard to responsibility for his subjects. He has interpreted divine right to be an agreement from God to him with no obligations to the subjects over whom he has dominion. This is exemplified in his attitude toward his ailing uncle, John of Gaunt, when he says to his friends, Come, gentlemen, lets all go visit him. Pray God we may make haste and come besides late (RII I.iv.63-64). Richards only interest is in the estates Gaunts ... ... Yale UP, 1990. 6. Chapman, George. All Fools. 1605. Ed. Frank Manley. Lincoln U of Nebraska P, 1968. 7. Council, Norman. When Honours at Stake. London George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1973. 8. Craig, Horace S. Dueling Scenes and Terms in Shakespeares Plays. Los Angeles U of calcium P, 1940. 9. Edelman, Charles. Brawl Ridiculous Swordfighting in Shakespeares Plays. New York Manchester UP, 1992. 10. Kiernan, V.G. The Duel in European History. Oxford Oxford UP, 1988. 11. Marlowe, Christopher. The Jew of Malta. 1633. Ed. James R. Siemon. New York W W Norton, 1994. 12. Seldon, John. Table-Talk. 1689. Ed. Edward Arber. London Alex, Murray & Son, 1868. 13. Shakespeare, W. The Tragedy of King Richard the Second. The eject 14. Signet Classic Shakespeare. Toronto Harcourt Brace Johanovich, Publishers, 1972

The Last Day :: essays papers

The Last DayConfusion raced through her mind. The other life was just an action away. She didnt want to be here anymore and she was ready to leave. She was tired of always getting hurt nonhing could be worse than the life she was living. Sure, there were lot who loved her, solely she didnt love herself enough to stay here. All of the pain would stop with just one or two strokes of the blade against her wrists. Tristyn picks up the phone and dials a number she has dialed everyday for the past two years.Hey girl Wendy says as she answers the phone.Hey. replies Tristyn.Im gonna have to call(a) you back Im on the other line.No, its alright. Just one questionhow do you slit your wrists? Is it sideways or up and down?I did it sideways, but you ar supposed to do it up and down on the main artery.Alright, bye. She hangs up the phone and sits for a minute. Everything would be so much easier if I just werent here anymore. I wouldnt have to see her everyday and know that I cant have her. Will everyone understand that I had to do this? I hate to hurt people but I just cant take this pain anymore. I just hope that everyone understands, but at least I wont be here to hear everyone talking about how stupid I was to take my life. They just assumet understand. Emili walks into the room and looks at the girl she used to love.You cant do this Tristyn Ill call the cops right now says Emili.The cops arent going to do *censored* to me Just go pack your stuff and leave me alone You dont care anyway Tristyn shouts. All Tristyn can do is worldly on the couch and cry. She prays that her mom can understand why she had to do this. She doubts that she will.Tristyn lies on the tan nubuck leather couch her mom bought her and reflects on her life and all that has happened to lead her to this low point. Tristyn had always been given all the things she ever wanted or needed. Her mom had always made sure that she never did without. Tristyn hoped that her mom did not blame herself for any of this. There was no one to blame but herself, she knew that, for getting pulled in once again, only to be hurt for the final time.

Commercial Papermaking :: essays papers

Commercial PapermakingPaper in 20th-century civilization, is one of our most primary(prenominal) industrial products. Books, magazines, and newspapers are printed on paper. Data from computers are usually printed on paper. Education, government and industry could not operate without printing and writing on paper. paperboard ( utilise in packaging), and absorbent papers (tissue and towelling) are other widely use paper products.Paper is made from cellulose fibbers, which are found in all embed cell walls. When a mixture of irrigate and fibbers is filtered through a fine screen, the fibbers tangle together to form a shroud of paper. As the wet sheet is dried chemical bonds form between the molecules in cellulose fibbers next to one and other. This gives the sheet of paper its strength. The grade and type of any paper depends on the fibbers and processes used in making it. The basic process of making paper has not changed in more than 2000 years. It involves two stages the breaking up of raw materials in water to make a suspension of individual fibbers and the formation of felted sheets by spreading this suspension on a porous surface, to drain excess water. The essential steps of papermaking by machine are identical with those of hand papermaking just much more complex. The first step in machine papermaking is the preparation of the raw material. For centuries, the main raw materials used in papermaking were cotton and linen fibbers obtained from rags. Today more than 95 percent of paper is made from forest cellulose. Wood is used mainly for the cheapest grades of paper, such as newsprint. Cotton and linen fibbers are still used for high quality writing and artists papers. Many kinds of forest can be used such as aspen, beach, birch fir, gum, hemlock, oak, pine, and spruce. The preparation of making wood into a pulp for papermaking is accomplished in two contrary ways. In the groundwood process, blocks of wood are held against a fast revo lving grindstone that shreds off short wood fibbers from the block. The fibbers produced by this process are short and are used notwithstanding in the production of cheap newsprint and used to be added with other types of wood fibber in the making of high-quality paper. Another technique uses a chemical-solvent processes where wood chips are treated with solvents that remove resinous material and lignin from the wood, leaving pure fibbers of cellulose.

Investigation on Enzymes :: Papers

Investigation on Enzymes Introduction Sam and Sarah planned and carried out an experiment to impinge on the effect of pH on the activity of the enzyme amylase which breaks down starch into sugar. They decided to investigate 5 different pHs 2,4,6,8 and 10. 1. The used a measuring cylinder to measuring rod out 5cm3 of starch and move it in a test tube. They then added acid or alkali until they got to pH2. They checked this using indicator paper 2. They placed the test tube in a rack on the bench and added 5cm3 of amylase which they had also measured using a measuring cylinder. 3. Immediately, they took out a pearl of the mixture and placed it on a spotting tile which had 2 drops of Iodine in it. They repeated this every 30 seconds until they knew all of the starch had been scattered down, so they stopped. 4. They then repeated the experiment at the different pHs. 5. They did the experiment 3 times for each pH Aim Sam and Sarah planned to bring on the effects of pH on the activity of the enzyme amylase which breaks down starch into sugar. Prediction I predict that the pH that the enzyme will work best at is 8 because amylase is mostly found in the mouth and salivary glands. This area is normally slightly alkaline, so the pH that this enzyme would most likely work best at would be 8. Table pH 2 4 6 8 10 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Time (Min) 17 15 15 9 8.5 8.5 7 8 8 6 5.5 5 9

Investigation on Enzymes :: Papers

Investigation on Enzymes Introduction Sam and Sarah planned and carried out an experiment to see the effect of pH on the activity of the enzyme amylase which breaks deplete starch into sugar. They decided to investigate 5 different pHs 2,4,6,8 and 10. 1. The used a measuring cylinder to measure out 5cm3 of starch and placed it in a test tube. They then added acid or alkali until they got to pH2. They checked this using indicator paper 2. They placed the test tube in a nip on the bench and added 5cm3 of amylase which they had also measured using a measuring cylinder. 3. Immediately, they took out a drop of the mixture and placed it on a descry tile which had 2 drops of Iodine in it. They repeated this every 30 seconds until they knew all of the starch had been broken blast, so they stopped. 4. They then repeated the experiment at the different pHs. 5. They did the experiment 3 times for each pH Aim Sam and Sarah planned to discover the effects of pH on the activity of the enzyme amylase which breaks down starch into sugar. Prediction I predict that the pH that the enzyme will work best at is 8 because amylase is mostly found in the mouth and salivary glands. This area is normally slightly alkaline, so the pH that this enzyme would most likely work best at would be 8. Table pH 2 4 6 8 10 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Time (Min) 17 15 15 9 8.5 8.5 7 8 8 6 5.5 5 9

Baby Bonus Scheme In Singapore Health And Social Care Essay

Many developed states face the challenge of quickly diminishing standrate rates. One illustration of such is capital of Singapore. Assorted attacks beget been taken to seek to change by reversal this tendency, save with limited success. A major policy implemented in 2001 was corrupt bonus system. The important end of this survey is to analyse the impact of sister incentive towards TFR and the typeset of the future coevals with respects to pamper bonus strategy.Primary and secondary informations were utilise to analyse the impact of the babe incentive. Secondary information was taken from the authorities records. In this survey, a learning was conducted to place the position of immature coevals towards do by fillip. The sample was chosen by convenient sampling.Our findings show that from 2001 to 2010 babe fillip appeared to be less well-grounded because the TFR is still diminishing. However, it did assist in decelerating down the lessening. From the analyse consequent , we expect that baby fillip policy is improbable to h rare a important impact on impacting the TFR in the hereafter.Based on our explore, whizz viable suggestion to rectify the job of unkept TFR could be the authorities concentrating more on taking attention of the lodging and wellness facets of its people.1. IntroductionFor the last few old ages, aging population has been one of the chief concerns faced by several developed states. British Columbia is one of the states that faced an aging population. Much research was conducted in this state to work out the job. It was revealed that the chief cause of this state of affairs is the worsening of prolificacy rate over decennaries 1 .Entire cornucopia Rate ( TFR ) is defined as the figure of kids an mean adult female would hold presuming that she lives her full generative life-time 2 . Considered as a developed state, Singapore has anyways faced a serious job of worsening TFR. With TFR of 1.16 in 2010 3 , Singapore is ran ked hundred-and-seventieth 4 in the universe and arguably one of the lowest TFR in the universe.Singapore authorities has implemented some policies to promote Singaporeans to hold more kids, and hence maturation the TFR. The latest and most all-embracing policy to this terminal is the babe fillip strategy.However, the consequence of babe fillip is problematic. A group of research workers from Melbourne Institution of Applied Economics and Social explore investigated the consequence of babe fillip towards stallion birthrate rate. Based on their theoretical account, Baby Bonus exerted a little positive consequence on birthrate purpose which leaded to a positive impact on birthrate rate. The consequence seemed to be stronger for 2nd and perchance higher-order numbered kids. In add-on the consequence showed that fillip consequence is lasting 5 . However this survey could non find that the consequence would be similar in local context, Singapore.Since there is no clod research p articular on look intoing TFR and pamper fillip strategy, our research will slim down chiefly on look intoing the impacts of babe fillip towards TFR and position of our future coevals with respects to this strategy. It will develop solutions in the signifier of suggestions that will function to burst the effectivity of this policy. The evaluate consequence for our analysis is that babe fillip is less effectual in increasing Singapore s TFR. Other promoters such as the psychological-thinking and societal computes which may impact TFR will non be included in our survey.To do our research clearer and all-rounded, we introduce a subdivision under Singapore demographic form which describes more or less the worsening tendency of TFR from 1990 to 2000 and reexamination of the factors impacting the TFR. The treatment of this paper will be separated into two chief parts, which is the order subdivision and consequence and treatment subdivision. The initiatory portion will quash on e xplicating our study method and stuffs that we obtained from authorities records. Under the consequence subdivision, we will discourse our informations analysis utilizing, primary and secondary informations. The treatment focuses on effectivity of baby fillip policy in Singapore. Finally in the decision subdivision we will besides specify the back grounds for future research to deduce better methods to cover with birthrate.1.1 Singapore Demographic PatternThe virgin way of policy since the 1990 s is in stressing the importance of get downing a household and holding fivefold kids to a successful and all-around life. New aid policies was implemented such as babe fillip strategy that was implemented in 2001. The effectivity of these new subsidy policies seemed less effectual. The TFR has continued to steadily worsen throughout the late ninetiess and early 2000s, despite these new policies. It has fallen by 0.43 from 1990 2000. This has rise concerns to the authorities as it might n on be able to replace the current work force which leads to the alteration of subsidy policies in 2004. It still unclear that the new sweetenings implemented in 2004 will hold positive effects on TFR in future, the initial marks are non peculiarly positive.1.1A. Education derived function and alterations in political orientationEducation gives one a strong head of their ain in prosecuting their dreams that can include a stable and esteemed calling and buying epicurean goods. In other(a) words, a twenty-four hours of 24 hours will be used to prosecute their dreams, go forthing minimum clip for household planning and babebirth. Puting high value on work by both females and males are increasing the chance cost of holding kids. All these can explicate the falling tendency in TFR as noticed from preceding(prenominal).1.1B. Fiscal grounds kidskincare.JPGThe mean net incomes of an employee are about S $ 4000 per month in 2010 6 . Even as this figure has about doubled itself since a d ecennary ago, the lifting costs of life and holding babes are discouraging newly-weds from childbirth. If we were to take precisely 2 most basic disbursals viz. child caring fees and hospital care measures that are incurred during and instantly after gestating, we can cognize that financial load is an disposed account for the worsening TFR in Singapore. As shown, child care services are priced at S $ 776 and S $ 572 for mean full twenty-four hours and half twenty-four hours fees severally in 2010. From administrative informations, hospitalization fee for female parents after bringing in an mean ward of B2 fluctuates betwixt S $ 1000 and S $ 1200 7 . The entire charge for these 2 constituents of expected disbursals can amount to S $ 2000, which is already half of the wage of an mean worker in Singapore.A Such high degree of disbursement on one kid can so deter a important figure of newly-weds in holding kids, and our analysis is non even taking into history the invariable econ omy of financess for advanced acquisition and schooling in Singapore every bit good as day-to-day disbursals on nutrient and vesture for the kid. Clearly, childbearing is non an easy undertaking as it takes old ages of support from the point of gestating till the point of independency. Fiscal restraint can therefore be another ground and possibly one of the more of import grounds as to why there is falling TFR observed in Singapore.2. MethodThe mark of our study was NTU undergraduates aged from 19 to 26 and selected by convenience trying method. We restrict our sample on lone Singaporeans and Singaporean PRs because babe fillip strategy is more eligible to Singaporeans. The targeted size of it was 100 participants, 50 males and 50 females. The intent of carry oning the study is to happen out the position of our future coevals with respects to this strategy and to happen the estimated entire birthrate rate in the hereafter.A pilot study was done preliminarily on the 50 respondents w ith our drafted sample study. We received feedback that our inquiries were insistent and ill-defined. Leading inquiries were besides raffishly included. Some of the open-ended inquiries were left space, demoing that the inquiries discouraged participants to reply wholly. Consequences shown from this pilot study were inconsistent and hard to analyze accurately. To better on our research work, we conducted another study with freshly phrased inquiries which is simpler and more straightforward.At the start, we had inquiries aiming the figure of kids our respondents are be aftering to hold. The consequences here gave us a unsmooth thought of the TFR Singapore was to hold with its current subsidy policies in topographic point. Subsequently, we required respondents to rank the factors that are considered when they decide on the figure of kids they were to hold. The most highly-ranked factors can help Singapore in planing or revising constabularies for great impact on Singapore s TFR. Next , we had inquiries taking at proving the participants whether babe fillip had a say in their household planning. This was to find the relative importance of babe fillip strategy. Relatively high importance placed by Singaporeans will let greater infinite for control over the population size. We besides suggested a superior system for Singapore s authorities inducement strategy to happen out about the policy that authorities should concentrate on. Last, we welcomed suggestions from respondents to give them an avenue for showcasing their point of views sing the subsidy policies in inquiry.3. Result and DiscussionThe Baby Bonus Scheme is a two-tiered strategy, comprising of a direct hard bullion gift from the authorities and a co-saving agreement in which the authorities lucifers dollar for dollar the sum parents put into a Child Development Account ( CDA ) , undecided to a maximal sum. ( NEED CITATION )babe bonusTable 3.1It is observed that holding a 2nd or 3rd kid can convey impor tant pecuniary benefits for the parents from 2001.The Baby Bonus Scheme did assist to settle the concerns of twosomes who find the fiscal load of raising a kid excessively heavy to bear. Monetary wagess habituated out to parents can be used to subsidise the kid s early old ages of instruction and medical demands.Figure 3.2From figure above, we noticed that between 1997 and 1998, TFR dropped significantly by 0.15, compared to a twelvemonth before where the lessening was 0.06 from 1996-1997. A possible account is that Asiatic fiscal crisis had taken topographic point during the twelvemonth 1998 and this might back up the observation that fiscal factors are impacting the tendency of twosomes to hold kids. The authorities may hold therefore decided to undertake the low TFR job from the fiscal facet by implementing of babe fillip in 2001. In this subdivision, the effectivity of baby fillip policy will be analysed from 2 pieces of informations, viz. primary and secondary informations.3A . Secondary informationsFigure 3.2 shows that after execution of the babe fillip policy, the TFR from 2001-2004 dropped by 0.15. In the span of 4 old ages ( 1997-2000 ) we observed that TFR had dropped by 0.20. Comparing these two Numberss, TFR still falls, but it is falling at a diminishing rate, this suggests that babe fillip is so effectual to a certain extent.thither is a alteration of policy in 2004 because the declared end of returning birthrate to replacing has non been achieved. Under the new enhanced strategy ( refer to lengthen 3.1 ) , the hard currency gift that parents receive from the authorities was increased for the first through 4th born kid, as was the cap of authorities part to the CDA. The first born kid nevertheless received no benefits under the co-saving strategy. Under the 2004 strategy hard currency gifts were disbursed Oklahoman, at heart the first 18 months, alternatively of the pilot burner 6 old ages when it was implemented in 2001. From 2004-2008, the re was an overall addition of TFR by 0.02, there is a definite possibility that the alteration of babe fillip strategy was effectual.Further sweetening of the babe fillip was done in 2008. However looking at the TFR tendency, it shows a autumn of TFR by 0.06 from 2008-2009. Effectiveness of babe fillip is so problematic. However, in 2008, post-mortgage subprime crisis took topographic point in United States of America might hold affected the purpose of people to give birth as there was rampant retrenchment. There is besides the issue of a possible important clip slowdown before the full consequence of the policy is revealed in alterations in birthrate rates of the population.In general, the execution of babe fillip is good in assisting to decelerate down the lessening in TFR but it was non able to change by reversal the tendency. Possibly pecuniary inducements entirely can non carry persons to alter their birthrate behavior.3B. Primary informationsThe consequences attained from our study was contemplative of the younger coevals which would be more appropriate since the younger coevals would be more affected by the authorities policies and babe fillip strategy in clip to come.Entire Fertility RateFigure 3.3In figure 3.3 the highest figure of kids stated in our study is 5. This figure shows that 56 % our participants program to hold 2 kids, 20 % of them choose 3 kids. The per centum of people non be aftering to hold any kids is 10 % . This shows that the bulk of the respondents are willing to hold kids.TFR grammatical genderFemaleMaleBoth female and maleAverage or average1.762.32.03Discrepancy0.757550.989790.93848Standard Error ( Deviation )0.870370.994880.96875Table 3.4To specify the entire birthrate rate more accurately, we will look into the different expected TFR for both genders. Our findings show that if male was the determination shaper, the TFR will be 2.3 and if it was female, the expected TFR is 1.76. We besides compute the discrepancy to see how mu ch these values deviate from the mean. We noticed that the discrepancy was considered as broad, with 0.757551 for female and 0.98980 for male. We will use the interval appraisal method to acquire an accurate scope for the expected entire birthrate rate. We used 95 % assurance degree as our base. 95 % assurance interval elbow room that 95 % in chance that the true value of this TFR is inside this estimated interval.We defined the interval as X-tn-1 ( I /2 ) * I?/a?sn, X+ tn-1 ( I /2 ) * I?/a?sn where N is the sample size, X represents the norm, I? is defined as standard mistake, and value of tn-1 ( I /2 ) is taken from the tabular array of t distribution. 1-I is set to be 0.95 ( assurance interval ) , therefore when n=50, t49 ( I /2 ) = 2.01 and when n=100, t99 ( I /2 ) = 1.984 for condition I .The estimated interval of TFR when male was the determination shaper is2.01720 a TFR a 2.58280While the estimated interval of TFR when female was the determination shaper is1.51259 a TFR a 2.00741As the optimum TFR of the authorities is 8 , this can be seen that if female was the determination shaper, the TFR is below 2.However, in doing determination of holding kids, it is non up to one person merely but a joint determination by both male and female. Therefore, it will be more appropriate if we consider the norm TFR as our expected TFR in the hereafter. The expected TFR in the hereafter is between 1.83780 and 2.22220 utilizing the interval appraisal method.Ranking of factorsFigure 3.5The above information shows the figure of participants that gives the Rank 1 for the factor that they consider as the most of import. Consequences revealed that 58 out of 100 respondents chose fiscal factors, followed by calling with 19 out of 100 participants. This consequence supports our outlook that fiscal is the most influential factor with respects to be aftering for kids, therefore our research will be valuable in helping to better the entire birthrate rate.Baby bonus strategy Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7Figure 3.6 shows that 90 % of the respondents know the babe fillip strategy and looking at figure 3.7, 50 % of their determination to hold kids is affected by the babe fillip strategy. This suggests that the people are cognizant of the babe fillip strategy. 50 % of the participant s determination is affected by the babe fillip strategy. At first glimpse, this might propose that babe fillip is less effectual. Measuring it more carefully, without the strategy, the TFR that we calculated above has high likeliness that it is traveling to be lower. This is because half of the participants might make up ones mind to take down their figure of kids planned if babe fillip strategy has non been implemented. Hence, the effectivity of babe fillip could be subjective.Figure 4.8I prefer non to hold any kidsChildbearing and/or child-raising is are clip ruinI want to concentrate on my callingThe subsidy is deficientOther personal groundsFor the participants that find baby fill ip is non impacting their determination, the bulk chose vitamin D as the ground for it. 24 out of 50 people chose the babe fillip subsidy is deficient. This shows that they are non satisfied with the current strategy. It is likely that if betterment were to be done to the babe fillip strategy, there is a high possibility that this strategy will be more important to increase the TFR. This is besides back up by the observation that babe fillip alteration in 2004 was effectual, as TFR increased by 0.02.Figure 3.9The above information shows the figure of participants that gives the Rank 1 for the authorities subsidy policy that they consider as the most of import. We can detect from the tabular array that there is important figure of participants that prioritise health care, instruction and lodging loan with 27 % , 26 % and 25 % giving it the value 1 . Merely, 9 % of the participants choose baby fillip policy as most of import, this shows that authorities should non concentrate their alteration of policies merely on babe fillip. The information suggested that there is an emerging tendency that people are more maladjusted about their kid wellness attention, instruction and lodging affairs. Hence it is advisable that the authorities expression into this three subsidy policies in greater deepness to increase the entire birthrate of Singapore.Figure 3.10 Figure 3.11If we separate our treatment into different genders, the impact of babe fillip strategy is greater on the males. Refered to calculate 3.10 and 3.11, 60 % of the males determination are affected by the strategy, while for the female merely 40 % is affected. Baby bonus strategy plays a larger function in act uponing the work forces s determination.Uniting the findings, the expected TFR computed for female is lower than the optimum TFR. From the estimated interval calculated above, the TFR for female is below the optimum figure of 2, so this means we should aim the female group and seek to increase th e figure of kids they would be after to hold to increase the TFR. As shown from the figure 3.5 above, the females considered fiscal factor as their precedence with 32 out of 50 female participants ranking it as figure 1. With this, focal point still should be given to fiscal factors, such as increasing subsidy or supplying pecuniary benefits to increase the willingness of adult females to hold more kids. However, 40 % of the female s determination is affected by the babe fillip. We can deduce from this that, increasing the subsidy for babe fillip might be less effectual.As shown from the figure 3.9, greater focal point should be placed on other subsidy benefits such as health care subsidy, instruction and lodging loan.4. DecisionThis undertaking canvass the impact of Singapore s baby fillip policy on its entire birthrate rate. Based on our research findings, we conclude that this policy is non unfeignedly effectual. From 2001 when it was foremost implemented to 2010, the TFR in Si ngapore has been worsening. However, credits have to be given to this policy as the worsening tendency is noted to be so at a diminishing rate. It is of import to observe that there are many other factors doing low TFR in Singapore. Some of it could be psychological thought, alterations in political orientation and instruction derived functions. One possible restriction of our undertaking could be found in our study sample. Due to the fact that the study is conducted within school compounds, we treated all Singaporean respondents as a homogeneous group of highly-educated forces. This is non representative for the whole of Singapore population. This determination is of considerable importance since it suggests that though the fiscal facet is so of import in one s determination in household planning, baby fillip policy is less effectual in undertaking the job of falling TFR. We would urge future research to be conducted on a more heterogenous study sample so that Singaporeans of all b ackgrounds can be reached.

The Definition of Prose

A. DEFINITION OF PROSE Proseis a pass water oflanguagewhich applies ordinarygrammatical constructionandnatural flow of speech earlier thanrhythmic structure(as in traditionalpoetry). composition thither atomic number 18critical debateson the construction of prose, its simplicity and loosely adjustd structure has lead to its adoption for the majority of spoken dialogue, circumstanceual discourse as well as topical and fictional writing. It is commonly subr divulgeined, for example, in phonograph recordings, newspaper publishers,magazines, encyclopedias, broadcasting, film,hi explanation,philosophy, lawand many other(a) forms of communication.Prose is a form of writing that does not f each into any particular egg structure and types of prose can include drama, articles, novels, short stories, letters, history, philosophy and biographies. Prose is a limit applied to any kind of discourse that is not poetry. This margin normally, simply not always, refers to written rather than spoken language. As the format of everyday communication, the limit prose can apply to anything from a business letter to a 600-page novel. It may be easier to define prose by examining how it differs from poetry the distinctions between the two argon most(prenominal) evident in the structure.Prose does not return a rhythmical construction like most poetry, nor does it utilize the specific line breaks associated with verse. It does not require the use of rhyming linguistic process at the end of lines, and it is does not employ the brevity and economical use of words for which poetry is frequently known. at that place are or so elements of poetry, however, that prose does utilize. These elements include the use of metaphor, the comparison of two unlike objects, and alliteration the use of similar sounds at the beginning of words.Prose can also employ imagery, a full term for the use of specific details that help to create the concrete visual world in the minds eye. Im agery is like a painting made out of words. From the Latin words prosa oratio, which mean direct speech, prose is the dominant form in literature. It the accepted mode of writing for novels, short stories, plays and folk tales. This form is also utilize on the Internet and in everyday business communication B. TYPES OF PROSE There are seven types of prose which is regular speech or writing, not poetry. 1. Short StoryShort Stories are a kind of prose that normally comprises of less than 10,000 to 20,000 words but can be limited to as less as 500 words. This form of prose has been or so for thousands of years and probably the oldest example is an Egyptian short story entitled The Two Brothers, from around 3200 B. C. Ashort storyis a work of fiction, ordinarily written innarrativeprose. Often depicting few images and concentrating a iodine effect or liquid body substance, it differs from theanecdotein its use of game, and the variety ofliterary techniquesit shares with the to a greater extent than than extensivenovel.Although the short story is expressly defined by its length, the precise length of stories that can be considered short varies between critics and authors, particularly when pickings account of the change of the form across genres. As such, the short story is defined relative to other prose forms in various traditions and styles, with the precise length of each story obdurate by each authors artistic intent or the requirements of the plot or depiction.Like the novel, the short story tradition has been defined and shaped through the markets available for publication, and thus, the form can be practically traced through the submission guidelines of publishing houses, print and online media that have solicited them. The short story has been considered both an apprenticeship form preceding more extended works, and a crafted form in its own right, collected together in prevails of similar length, price and distribution as novels.Thus, short s tory sources may define their works as part of the artistic and psycheal expression of the form. They may also attempt to resist categorization by genre and fixed form, determination such approaches limiting and counter-intuitive to artistic form and reasoning. 2. Factual Prose This is generally used for the writing of novels and short stories. Although examples of this kind of prose has existed throughout history, they did not actually part into a systematic form until a few centuries ago. 3. LettersLetters are a form of prose that are a written or printed communication addressed to a soulfulness or organization which are usually transmitted by mail. 4. Novels Novels are a long story written in prose which gives a lot more freedom to the writer to experiment with lots of different literacy forms in unrivaled novel. 5. Diaries Diaries are a record of daily events, appointments, observations, etc. Or a book for keeping such a record and can be used in a individual(prenominal) sense or by a business. triple other kinds of prose are testimonies, journals and the personal canvas which are less commonly used. 6. TestimonySome published oral or written autobiographical narratives are considered testimonial literature particularly when they present evidence or first person accounts of human rights abuses, violence and war, and living under conditions of social oppression. This usage of the term comes originally from Latin America and the Spanish term testimonio when it emerged from human rights tribunals, truth commissions, and other international human rights instruments in countries such as Chile and Argentina. champion of the most famous, though controversial, of these works to be translated into English is I, Rigoberta Menchu.The autobiographies of Frederick Douglass can be considered among the earliest pregnant English-language works in this genre. 7. Journal A journal (through French from Latin diurnalis, daily) has round(prenominal) related meanin gs * a daily record of events or business a private journal is usually referred to as a diary * a newspaper or other periodical, in the literal sense of single published each day * many publications loosed at stated intervals, such as magazines, pedantic journals, or the record of the transactions of a society are often called journals.Although journal is some(prenominal)times used as a synonym for magazine, in academic use, a journal refers to a serious, scholarly publication that is peer-re suck uped. A non-scholarly magazine written for an educated audience about an industry or an bowl of professional activity is usually called a professional magazine. 8. in the flesh(predicate) essay For more than four hundred years, the personal essay has been one of the richest and most vibrant of all literary forms. (The Art of the in the flesh(predicate) Essay by Phillip Lopate. ) The personal essay is also one of the most popular forms of creative nonfiction.A personal essay can be based on a personal survive that results in a lesson that you learn. A personal essay can also be a personal opinion about a topic or issue that is important to you. This article defines the personal essay. * Definition of the Personal Essay A personal essay is either a personal narrative in which the author writes about a personal incident or experience that provided fundamental personal meaning or a lesson learned, or it is a personal opinion about some topic or issue that is important to the writer. * Personal Essay as a Personal NarrativeA personal narrative has the following elements * It is based on a personal experience in which you have gained significant meaning, insight, or learned a lesson. It can also be based on a milestone or life-altering event. * It is personal narrative. The writer tells the story by including dialogue, imagery, qualityization, conflict, plot, and shot. * It is written in the first person. (I point-of-view) * It is an autobiographical story in w hich the writer describes an incident that resulted in some personal growth or development. * A personal essay is a glimpse of the writers life.The writer describes the personal experience using the scene-building technique, weaves a constitution throughout the narrative, and makes an important point. There must be a lesson or meaning. The writer cannot just write an interesting story. * It does not have to be objective. However, the writer must express his/her feelings, thoughts, and emotions. * The writer uses self-disclosure and is honest with his/her readers. * The writer writes about a real life experience. The incident or experience must have occurred. The writer must use fact and truth. * The writer must dramatize the story by using the scene building technique.A scene includes setting/location, intimate details, concrete and specific descriptions, action, and often dialogue. * The Personal Essay as a Personal Opinion A personal essay can also be an opinion piece, an opinion that is based on a particular political or social concern or topic of interest. In this type of personal essay, the writer can states the problem, provide solutions, and whence write a consequencewhich must state an important point. Whatever the writer discusses, the topic is of interest to the writer. The writer frequently seeks to explain the truth or reality has he/she views it. Sometimes the writer ponders a question.Other times the writer explores a topic from his own perspective. The writer must not lecture, sermonize, or moralize. In other words, the writer must present his/her opinion in such a way that allows the readers decide for themselves. In Writing Life Stories, author appoint Roorbach provides an excellent definition of the personal essay, one that is based on a personal opinion. He states that the personal essay that is based on a personal opinion has these attributes * A personal essay is a conversation with your readers. * The personal essay is an informed mix ture of storytelling, facts, wisdom, and personality. The personal essay examines a subject out-of-door of yourself, but through the lens of self. * The subject of the personal essay may be the self, but the self is treated as evidence for the argument. * Passages of narrative often appear but generally get used as evidence in the inductive argument. * The personal essay strives to say what is evident, and to come to a conclusion that the reader may agree or disagree. * A personal essay can wonder through its subject, circle around it, get the long view and the short, always providing experience, knowledge, book learning, and personal history.It should also be noted that a personal essay doesnt demand to be objective. It can be stringently subjective. You dont have to prove a point or show both sides of the argument. But you must express your own personal feelings, thoughts, and opinions on a topic or issue in a logical manner. * Subject for the Personal Essay Your subject can be about anything that you are passionate about. You can write about a turning point in your life, or a milestone, or adversity, such as death, illness, divorce. The subject you discern must have provided you with significant personal meaning or a lesson that you have learned.But, keep in mind, you are not just reflecting or remembering, you are going to make a point, some universal truth that your readers can appreciate. Otherwise, your story is just a story. So, write about the following * Personal experience * Incident * Anecdote * Topic * Issue * A memory Your subject can also be a personal opinion on an issue or concern that is important to you, such as the garbage strike, crime, or unemployment. C. THE ELEMENTS OF THE SHORT STORY 1. PLOT The term short story is a relatively recent one. For example, Nathaniel Hawthorne 1837 collection of stories was titled Twice Told Tales.Today, the term tale suggests a simple narrative, told in chronological order. In the past, a short work w as sometimes called a sketch. Today, sketch implies the narration of only single brief scene. Plot has been defined as an authors careful show of incidents in a narrative to achieve a desired effect. The description of plot structure demonstrates how authors develop their stories the discussion of techniques reveals how authors vary the chronology, provide hints of future action, sustain interest, and introduce the cerebration of chance or fate in the denotations lives. CAUSALITY A plot is a series of actions, often presented in chronological order, but the ingredient a plot has that a story lacks is causality. In a narrative with a plot, there is little that happens without a cause. * CONFLICT Even with the sum total of causality, however, the concert ticket anecdote lacks another important ingredient. Traditionally, plots grow out of a conflict- an internal or an external struggle between the main character and an opposing force. When a story includes internal conflict, the ma in character is in conflict with himself or herself.In contrast, an external conflict can occur between the aboriginal character and either another character, society, or natural source, including fate. The most common external force is another character. * PLOT STRUCTURE In literature, exposition refers to the explanatory culture a reader needs to comprehend the situation in the story. Exposition establishes the setting, the major characters and some minor ones, the situation, and any necessary background information about what happened before the story began. The initiating incident is the event that changes the situation established in the exposition and sets the conflict in motion.The rising action, various episodes occur that develop complicate. In the rising action, various episodes occur that develop, complicate, or intensify the conflict. Climax has been defined in a number of ways the point of greatest conflict, the ablaze high point, the turning point in the plot, or th e point at which one of the opposing forces gains the advantage. The events that follow the climax are known as the fall action. The falling action leads into the resolution or denouement of the story. The term resolution sometimes refers to all the events that follow the climax, including the denouement. . SETTING In the days of King Alfred there lived a poor woman, whose cottage was in a remote country village, many miles from London. Thus begins the old nursery tale Jack and the Beanstalk. The sentence describes the setting of the tale-that is, the time (in the days of King Alfred) and the place (a cottage in a remote country village far from London). condition is so important that some readers base their literary likes and dislikes largely on the environment in a work-the future, early Rome, the English countryside, Los Angeles in the thirties, Detroit today, Cairo yesterday. ASPECTS OF SETTING Setting can be general (a city in the Midwest in the late nineteenth century), a s pecific (a three-story mansion on Pine street in boodle in 1885), or very detailed (the darkened parlour of that mansion at four oclock on the first Tuesday in December). Setting usually functions as more than a backdrop for a story, however. * PURPOSES OF SETTING Setting may serve a number of purposes, such as influencing action, delineate character, and contributing to mood. 3. CHARACTER As a literary term, a character is a person created from a work or fiction. CLASSIFYING CHARACTER In some cases, characters are veiled, autobiographical versions of the author. Often, they are people the author knows or people the author has observed or overheard. While the origin of a character is usually irrelevant, a characters dimensionality and purpose in the story are important. 1. ) Round and Flat Character Round character is three dimensional character complexes enough to be able to surprise the reader without losing credibility. In contrast, a flat character is one whom Forster deems in capable of surprising the reader. ) Major and Minor Characters The term protagonist refers to the main or central character in fiction. Protagonist is an ancient Greek word for the central character of a drama. Rather, a more neutral and accurate word to describe the protagonists opponent is antagonist. Like protagonist, many antagonists depart also be round characters, though it is likely for an antagonist to be flat character. Together, the protagonists and antagonists comprise the major characters. Characters other than major characters are classified as minor characters.A stereotyped character represents a crime syndicate of people. The word stereotype comes from printing and refers to a metal mold used to mass produce duplicates of printing type. A final character category of character might be termed the piece of furniture character. 3. ) Active and Static Characters Another way to classifying characters is to label them as active (or dynamic) or static. An active character is one who changes because of what happens in the plot. Static characters, however, remain unchanged their character is the same at the end of the story as at the beginning. . POINT OF VIEW AND TONE shoot for of view is the vantage point from which an author tells a story. There are two main points of view first person ( I ) and third person ( he, she , they ) , but there are variations within these point of view. a. ) First Person (I) The I narrator is not the author. Instead, the author creates a persona or conceal through which he or she tells the story. The I story may be a character in the story. IF theres no Is, the story is probably told from the third person point of view. b. ) Third PersonThe Third person point of view may be omniscient (in literally means all knowing) that is, may reveal the thoughts of all or most of the characters. In contrast, limited omniscient point of view focuses on the thoughts of a single character. One type of limited omniscience is the objec tive point of view, in which the author makes no commentary but records only those details that can be seen and heard, rather as a newspaper reporter does. Long works of fiction are often told from some(prenominal) points of view, but short stories are commonly presented from a single point of view. B. ToneTone in writing is somewhat like tone of voice in speech. Tone in writing is the authors attitude towards the characters, the topic, or the readers, as expressed by the narrator, and it may come across in number of ways Tone in writing can be, among other thing, serious, introspective, satirical, sad, ironic, playful, condescending, semi-formal and informal. Tone is achieved through descriptive details of setting and character, through dialogue, and through the narrator, direct comment and author tone is necessarily the same throughout a work, although in a short story, the same tone is usually maintained throughout. . Tone and Mood The terms tone and mood are sometimes confuse d. While tone conveys the authors attitude, mood refers to the atmosphere in a story. Atmosphere may be mysterious, horror-filled, or serene. While both the tone and the mood of a story maybe the same (both may be sad, for example), it is usually common to distinguished between these to terms. Also, the mood of a story is not necessarily the same throughout. The climax may bring about a change from despair to triumph, or from anxiety to relief or from any mood another. b. find ToneOne way of determining the tone of the story his to decide what effect the story has on you. For example, if the author seems sympathetic or hostile to a character, you likely will be to. If the authors tone seems aloof, you may fill a corresponding aloofness. If the author tone is lightly satirical, the effect is likely to be amusement or a sense that the author satire is well aimed. 5. THEME Theme is an authors insight or general observation about human constitution or the human condition that is conve yed through characters, plot, and imagery.If you examine carefully these two quotations expressing theme, you should deduce two important clues to the nature of a theme statement first, it is presented in a complete sentence, and second, its contents is debatable. a. Particularity and Universality Particullary refers to the uniqueness or singularity of a work of fiction. Universality, on the other hand, refers to the relevance or pertinence of a fictional work to large groups of people across time and place. b. The roots of theme c. Locating theme Just focus first on elements of each story as you read.Examine those elements closely, rereading as needed. From the factual details of plot (especially conflict), character, and setting (especially imagery), clues to the authors debatable opinion will emerge. d. Formulating a theme statement 1. Expressing theme as multiple statements. 2. Avoiding excessive theme statement. 6. STYLE Style is a writers characteristic way of saying things. I t is a product of both the character of the writer as an individual and the choices that he or she makes concerning diction , imagery, syntax and variety, and organizational structure. . Diction Diction refers to a writers choice of words. The words chosen can be described as general or specific ( tree versus weeping willow ) formal or informal ( How do you do versus Hello ) abstract or concrete ( honor or brotherhood versus desk ) common ( drat ) jargon ( any words understood by members of a specialized group such as doctors, teachers, astronauts ) Latin- based or Anglo-Saxon words ( make a hotel reservation versus book a room). Whatever the choice, the authors dixtion needs to be both clear and appropriate.However, that in fiction the authors diction does not need to be grammatical to be clear or appropriate. b. Imagery and symbol In literature, imagery extends to all the senses-sight, taste, smell, touch, and hearing. Imagery is also associated with figures of speech such as metaphor, personification, simile and others. A symbol is anything that signifies or stands for something else. In literature, symbol is anything concrete-an object, a place, a character, an action-that stands for suggest something abstract. c. SyntaxSyntax or sentence structure is the pattern or arrangement of individual words and phrases. A writers style also grows out of the mixture and variety of sentence patterns used in the writing. d. Organizational structure The organizational structure of most fiction is chronological stories typically begin with exposition that established the setting, the chief characters, and the situation, including the conflict. 7. POPULAR SECTION a. Westerns The western story is a unique genre because the American frontier was a unique setting.Full of danger, hardship, beauty and the promise of wealth (or at least ones own plot of land), the frontier meant the opportunity to achieve the genuine independence. b. Detective and mystery A fiction that inv olves the unraveling of some puzzle or secret or crime is called a mystery. The classic detective story involves a police, private or amateur detective who investigates a crime and through observations, questioning, and deduction identifies the motive and the criminal from among a limited group of suspect. c. Fantasy and science fictionAll fiction is imaginary, but some of it can both be set in this world or in other world as we know it. Fantasy and science fiction can both be set in this world or in other worlds anytime. Both can and often do have social and political meaning. Fantasy has elements of the supernatural or magic. Science fiction, as its name suggest, its grow in scientific and technological truths or in the possibility of scientific advancements based on what is known. Ghost and horror are stories that scare people have been popular and profitable for a long time. References 1.Jane Bachman Gordon and Karen Kuehner, Fiction The Elements of Fiction ( United States of America 1999 . PREFACE Alhamdulillahirobbilamin Gratitude belongs only to Almighty God, who has given his affection and the author for taking the time to complete the Introduction to Literature paper under the title Fiction or Prose as Literary Genre . The authors also thank for several people who have helped in the completion of this paper. Papers on Fiction or Prose as a Literary Genre was filled to fulfill one presentation task Introduction to Literature course.Writing this paper aims to provide further information about the literature as an esthetic and study and the challenges to be face in the future. This paper was presented several efforts that can be done to maintain the Introduction to Literature. The authors are aware that this paper is still far from perfect. Therefore, the authors expect review and suggestions either in writing or orally from the lecturer of Introduction to Literature course DR. Alek ,M. Pd so writers can develop science , especially the science of I ntroduction to Literature.

Romeo and Juliet Act 2 Scene 2 Analysis

Romeo replies to Juliets speech by admiting to disown his name Henceforth, I never exit be Romeo. Shakespeare implies the danger that the lovers are in when Juliet points out the place demolition, considering who thou art. This creates tension for the audience, and demonstrates Juliets concern for Romeos safety If they do see thee, they will murder thee. Romeo speaks metaphorically when he says With loves light wings did I oerperch these walls, suggesting there is no boundary to his love.Romeo claims to find the idea of his death preferable to a life without the love of Juliet, My life were better ended by their hate than death prorogued, wanting of thy love. Juliet admits to be blushing the mask of nighttime is on my face, else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheek and asks, Dost thou love me? She goes on to express concern that she may have been too forward in her soliloquy asking him to forgive her for her foolishness Therefore pardon me, and not impute this yielding to li ght love.Romeo declares his love by yonder arouse moon using celestial references. Juliet responds by refusing to allow Romeo to swear by something so changeable O swear not by the moon, th variable moon. She fears that it is the way their love will be Lest that thy love advance likewise variable. Juliet encourages him to be genuine and to use a less traditional, to a greater extent spiritual concept of love, reinforcing the idea that she is taking the relationship seriously.Juliet then tries to say goodnight Sweet, good night. This bud of love, by summers ripening breath, may prove a beauteous flower when next we meet. She then uses a rhyming couplet, as sweet repose and rest come to thy heart as that within my breast. Romeo expresses his wish to prolong their time together O, wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied? but they part as Juliets nurse calls her and they agree to meet over again. Stay but a little. I will come again as they make a commitment to to each one other.Juli et, going against stereotype, suggests that they should marry, If that thy bended of love be honorable, thy purpose marriage, send me word tomorrow. This is very bold and, rather than taking her time as she suggests earlier in the scene, this is because she has accomplished Romeo has matured and is taking their relationship seriously. Juliets promise to Romeo to follow thee, my lord, throughout the world is full of dramatic irony and foreshadows the final scene of the play, when Juliet follows Romeo into death.The nurse calls for Juliet again who uses hyperbole A thousand times good night which indicates that neither wants to leave and reinforces the message that their meeting must reach a conclusion for now. Juliet says, shackles is hoarse, and may not speak aloud. This is referring to the fact that the lovers must keep their love quiet and away from the family feud. Later, Juliet uses further hyperbole Tis twenty years work then implying that it will seem a lifetime until the y next meet. At the end of the scene, Juliet says one of her most famous lines Parting is such sweet aggrieve.This is a very well known oxymoron and demonstrates that she cannot bear to leave Romeo. The scene ends on several rhyming couplets. In conclusion, this scene demonstrates Romeo and Juliets attraction to each other and their desire never to be parted. I feel it is very moving, and poetic albeit surreal that a maiden could be so frank in those times and that a couple could achieve such a depth of love in such a short space of time particularly against such a divide. It also sets the scene for the final tragic sequence ahead.

Gulliver’s Fifth Voyage

I had been immobile for much too long and I was yearning to begin another long voyage when I decided that I would go due west to investigate the civilisation that dwelled there. It was mid-summer and my ship was to set taboo from Dover. I boarded the ship and was greeted by an old man, with a potbelly and crooked nose, accompanied by a scar from left ear to left eye. This, I assumed was my captain. I had been exclusively worn out by my long journey and inquired where my quarters would be, and the captain offered to show me himself.As we went below decks, there was less light, but I could still see where I was going. The captain went to a door that opened into a quite spacious cabin, with a bunk on the far w all told, and a sepia desk beside the door. With that, the captain left saying, I hope everything is to your satisfaction, sir, and that you have a pleasant repose. This was the last I saw of the man. When I awoke the next morning, as I was about(predicate) to take a walk a long the soaringline, I could see a sheet of bags scattered for miles with the words Walkers, Tayto printed on them and round cans with Coca Cola wrote on it.I had never seen anything like this before it must have been a way for the plenty who lived here to make it more decorative looking. Although I could see throng in the distance pointing and shaking their head, theses people must have thought different. All I could see around me was a mass of round uplifted buildings, with thick, black smoke belting out of them and people coughing vigorously. It must have been their way off appreciating these works of art. I was aroused from my gaze by a deep, commanding voice, which was barking at me, Who the hell are you?And where the hell are you from? I turned and saw that I was surrounded by a company of men, dressed in green garments, each holding a form of musket in their arms. I told the man who had barked at me that I was travelling the world and qualification journals on my find ings. I told him that I would like to explore his country further. He agree to show me around parts of the country, as much as he could. He introduced himself to be Pat Kenwood. As we move further into the city, I felt more and more alienated as everyone stopped and stared at me.I felt depressed, as there was not a single person there like me. But then we came to this dark, dull street, quite unlike the rest of the city. As we walked on all I could see were people covered in filth, with their hands out, begging for food or money. I was astonished as people were actually giving them it. It was so jealous as these people were getting food for nothing, such an ingenious idea. I asked Pat why these people were living like this, and was told that the regime has not the money to do anything for these people but instead they needed the it for the war effort.This seemed an excellent way to spend the money. We walked on for another mile or so, when I was startled by Pat yelling and pointin g at what seemed to me like a tent with huge poles pushing out from the top of it. I asked what this monstrosity was and was given the reply that it was the Millennium Dome. I could see there was another one off those homeless people existence dragged off. You wouldnt think it, but it only equal i800million to build. It was a way for the people to celebrate the new Millennium. Firstly I was shocked too that it only cost i800million.He explained to me that its main dramatic playction was only to bring in the New Year and that after that it is virtually useless. Wow, i800million on a building that is only receiveing for one nights entertainment, it must have been some night. Then it struck me. He said Millennium and when I asked about this he replied, You hunch, the year 2000. I was bullyly distur do it by this, as I still believed it to be the 18th Century. When I had overcome the slight illness I began to feel, Pat offered to take me to a place called a Cafi where we would get a drink of tea.Pat explained to me that this was no ordinary, but an Internet Cafi. I was interested by these new contraptions called Computers I think. gibe to Pat they where designed to make books a thing of the past. I asked him to show me how to operate one, he handed me a book saying Heres the manual, read it, and youll know what to do The book was quite heavy, yet colourful, but it was confusing to me as it mentioned things like keyboards and modems and I had no what these things where. What intelligence, designing some thing to do away with books, yet you need to read a book to know how to work the thing.These people were even more disturbing than those from the Land of Lilliput. As we left the Cafi we shew it hard to cross as there were so many mechanical machines known as cars moving up and down at intense speeds. I thought it remarkable that these machines dont knock down people but Pat corrected me by stating that people do get knocked down by these all the time, but only twenty-four have died this year. This seemed a small price to pay for such marvellous invention but out off know where we heard a loud thud and people screaming.There was somebody lying on the ground face-up, all bloody and twisted. A car moved of very fast and it had loud music coming out of it with young people bouncing up and down with bottles in their hands. This looked like good fun and wished I could join in. At this point I told Pat farewell and thanked him for all he had done. As I walked further in to the city, I was confronted by another gathering of men, this time dressed in black. I also noticed that they carried similar muskets to Pat and his gang. One of them asked Why were you talking to that traitor? I hen had to explain that I was an explorer investigating their country. This seemed to interest them and their leader spoke You had better listen to our side of the story as well. I agreed to this, as I did not want to appear biased, but to be fair I no longe r felt intimidated by this group of men and felt I could relax while I listened to their story. But, as I began to sit, they dragged me up and told me it was not preventative here and that we would have to go to their safe house, called Dubnil. He introduced himself as Peter.He told me how a foreign power had invaded his country and that their organisation discriminated against the natives in favour of colonists. The natives decided to start a rebellion in order to fight for the rights, and their freedom. This made the foreign government introduce a plot called ethnic cleanse to eliminate the natives. This disgusted me as I had always associated cleansing as something that was pure and glorious, yet this brutal government used it to describe the most evil thing that I had ever heard of. This foreign government shocked me more than the viciousness of the leader in Lilliput.They described murder as cleansing which disturbed me so much that I was glad I never lived here and that non e of my countrys great leaders never acted in any manner that could be compared to the oppressors of this God-forsaken country. From the distance I could see this mobile hit I asked Pete what this was. He told me that it was a weapon of mass destruction called a nuclear bomb. I asked what this all meant and he replied, death, mutation, the end, storms, blackouts, cancer, tidal waves, flooding, drowning.I was greatly impressed by this weapon, as the weapons of my time could only kill one at a time. Pete offered to give me a view of the city and helped me scramble up a sens of rubble. He handed me a pair of strange spectacles that enabled me to see further. I could see the entire city, demolished to rubble, and I could see five tanks patrolling the city. tour said, We love our country so much, we started blowing up this city to fight for our freedom. This was the most intelligent and sophisticated scheme I ever came across.I had become so caught up in my thoughts that I lost my co ncentration and slipped and rolled down the side of the mountain of rubble, crashing to the ground, which knocked me out cold. When I awoke I was on a bed in a long white corridor, which had quite a compelling smell of some chemicals or something. I sat up in the bed and before me was a woman in white uniform with a white hat. She apologised to me because there was a shortage of staff due to lack of government funding. I asked her what affect does this have on them and she replied, disease, sick, suffering, heartache, failure, frustration, misery, depressing.Still, it seemed to make more sense if it was spent on things that made you happy like the Millennium Dome. I found myself drifting off into a deep sleep as the nurse injected something into my arm, it felt relaxing and before you know it I was at the Dover coast with no suspicion of how I got there. I found my expedition to be the most exciting Ive ever been on as there were some great inventions such as nuclear bombs and magn ificent structures such as the Millennium Dome. I am definitely going to come back soon as there is so much more to learn about this wonderful place again.

History of Greek Theatre Essay

Greek theatre took place in large amphitheaters. The actors were a chorus and their leader. There was not multiple characters as we now have today. The leader was the main and only character. At this time the lines were more chanted than spoken. Masks were worn to represent characters and high-soled boots worn to add height to actors.Greek drama was dominated by the works and innovations of five playwrights for over 200 years. The first three of these wrote tragedies. In these ancient tragedies many new innovations came to light that atomic number 18 still used today in theatre. One was the concept of a second actor, expanding the possibilities for plot and interactions with characters. Then came the third actor which expanded this even more. The routine of the chorus in Greek drama shrunk so that the characters could more develop.The last two Greek playwrights focused on comedies. Throughout the history of theatre, comedies, made up of current standards for humor, have not surviv ed the ages as well as tragedy. The popularity of these first comedies and the diminishing appeal of tragedy to the audiences of the time, can also be seen as a comment on the role which theatre plays in society at large. Tragedy was at its height in Greek society when that society was at its height. Comedy was most popular during the decline of Greek governmentThe Romans took much from Greek theatre. Although Roman theatre may not be held in the identical high esteem as that of the Greeks, we have inherited much from the influence of the Roman Theatre. One odd example is the word play itself, which came from Latin reading of the word ludus, which means recreation or play. Roman theatre had two parts Fabula Palliata and Fabula Togata. Fabula Palliata consisted of mostly translations of Greek plays into Latin. It was here that the idea of subplot was introduced. This befriended plays contrast the reactions of different sets of characters to the aforesaid(prenominal) events or cir cumstances.The Fabula Togata were more about broadly absurd situations and humor of a physical nature. Rome theatre consisted primarily of Fabula. Plays of a more serious literary nature continued to be write, but these were not intended to be performed. They were more to be read or recited. The influence of the Roman world on the form of the stage is wizardwhich had a more lasting effect. The greatest impact Rome may have had on the theatre was to lower it in the esteem of the Church, an impact that would slow the growth of the prominent arts for several centuries.The inclination toward low comedy combined with its association and the entertainment of the arena contributed to its separate by officials of the early Christian Church. Plays were associated with either comedy of a coarse nature, or with pagan rituals and holidays. It was the latter that accounts for the survival of theatre through the Middle Ages.It was written that theatre died following the fall of the Roman Empi re, and its memory was kept alive only in the performances of roving bands of street players, jugglers, acrobats and animal trainers. However, while such groups did help to maintain certain aspects of theatrical art, the Church was a major contributor to the preservation of theatre.It is ironic that the Church, which caused theatres to be outlawed as the Roman Empire declined, was one of the primary means of keeping theatre alive through the Middle Ages. This resulted from the Churchs need to establish itself in the community. The Church began to use dramatic form to illustrate the stories underlying holidays so as to reinforce their religious origins and to better communicate the stories to an illiterate congregation.At first the parts played in these simple religious re-enactments were acted out by priests in the sanctuary of the church. The members of the congregation clearly enjoyed and were moved by these presentations. The dramas continued to grow, moving out of the sanctuary and into the give way air in front of the Church. Ultimately, the members of town began to contribute to these dramas. Which continued to grow more elaborate with time. Known as passion plays, miracle plays and morality plays, they continued their fast connection with the Church and church holidays, but began to introduce elements of characters that were more contemporary in nature.

Reading Reflection Essay

The literary subject area that we discussed this week was interesting to me in so many ways. The chapters talked about different types of writings such as poems, short stories, and in any case novels. Throughout the reading I experience literature in a way I have never still before. Literature restores the past, stimulates the imagination, glorifies the commonplace, evokes emotions and links perception to thinking, upholds a vision of the ideal and reveals human nature by exploring significant human questions. I have to say I have been truly convinced. The usage of the creative process is to give things form.Writers are artists who use words to express ideas and feelings. As a reader I had to use my imagination which is the human ability that shapes artistic expression it enables a writers work to become an expression of meaning in our world, and allows readers to engage in identifying with what the writers work has to say about things that matter. So basically we all become w riters in a sense. When reading this paper you imagine how to feel when I found out a little more about literature. Literature allows you to read with a purpose while at the same time exploitation the experience to connect to the writer.Literature is a creative process that begins in writers experiences and imaginings. Image is a distant representation of something that can be experienced and understood through the senses or the representation of an idea. Writers use precise language in developing images, or imagery in a literary work. Tone also plays an important part in a literary work. It identifies how the author approaches a subject and conveys it to readers. Either way we look at it as literature been a very important part of our history. We tend to use literature in everyday life.We have to search for meaning and explore literature in different aspects of been a reader or writer. We can use the Biographical/Historical approach to evaluate the meaning of a literary work. Its the attempt to measure the extent to which the life of the author or a diachronic context can shape literary expression. Critics adopt a historical period as a context, creates characters that reflect its value, and explores trends that occur in it. William Faulker was an American writer who took this approach, creating narratives that identified values and conflicts in a historic era in the South.He created complex characters and a community that carefully mirrored life in the South and, used them as centerpieces in several of his works. You could also put one across persona to this analytical approach referring to the narrator in a story or the speaker in a poem, who may or may not reflect the perspective of the author. The creativity to start a literary work is in our imagination we just have to put it down on paper. refer Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into Literature. San Diego, California Bridgeport Education, Inc. https//content. ashford. edu/books Ashford Online Library.

Women’s Health & Preventative Care

Wo workforces wellness Care and Preventative Care In the United States, the cost of health care is on the rise and it is closely impossible to receive any health care service at an affordable rate. Whether insured or uninsurable, women of all demographics are faced with this problem. Women should not regorge their health or life at risk because they fear receiving another medical bill. Due to the ascending cost of health care and damages, more women do not receive hold onative medical treatment and are currently in debt.Often, women do not receive or delay receiving precludeative health care due to the cost of treatment. Learning about and practicing preventive healthcare, i. e. maintaining your body and good health throughout your entire lifetime, is properly the best method to prevent disease from happening in the first place (World Research Foundation, n. d. ). Women require more preventative health care than men and some of these preventative function are not invariably fully covered by insurance such as mammograms or prenatal care.Prenatal care is not only primal for the womans health, but also for the childs health. Preventative health care can detect as well as prevent diseases. Early detection is sometimes the key to curing certain diseases. More women currently are in debt or have unpaid medical bills. The rising cost of health care combined with the current job market has left more women in debt (Robertson & Collins, 2011). Health insurance providers do not always provide the coverage women need.In fact recent studies have shown few plans offer maternity coverage and young women can face substantially higher premiums than men of the same age (Robertson & Collins, 2011). Although, The Affordable Care Act is bringing change for women through required free coverage of preventive care services, small dividing line tax credits, new affordable coverage options, and insurance market reforms, including bans on gender rating the law will not be imp lemented until 2014 (Robertson & Collins, 2011).Something inevitably to be done before then in order to cut down on debt from unpaid medical bills. The federal as well as the state government should implement more programs that offer preventative care at income based rates. There should also be more programs directed at lowering medical bill debt. A debt acquired by a medical bill should not affect a persons credit. More insurance companies should provide age and gender specific plans at affordable rates, in order to ensure everyone receives the proper healthcare needed.Although, some of these solutions may have to be funded with higher taxes or budget cuts, these programs would definitely have a large impact on the amount of women who receive preventative care. Preventative care is a necessity in ensuring healthy living for women. Receiving preventative care is a cost effective way to save lives by treating and diagnosing diseases and conditions early. Insured and uninsured women should be able to receive preventative care without worrying about how and if they will pay the medical bill.Although womens health care cost is a rising issue in the U. S, there are cost effective solutions to alleviate this problem. References Robertson, R. , & Collins, S. R. (2011) Realizing Health Reforms Potential. Retrieved fromhttp//www. commonwealthfund. org//media/Files/Publications/Issue%20Brief/2011/May /1502_Robertson_women_at_risk_reform_brief_v3. pdf World Research Foundation. (n. d. ) Preventive Health Care Helps Everyone. Sedona, AZ WorldResearch Foundation. Retrieved July 15, 2012 from http//www. wrf. org/preventive-healthcare/preventive-healthcare. php

Home Depot Supply Chain Management

Supply strand has never been Home stocks key strategic priorities in the past. Instead, the Atlanta-based home improvements management had always been focusing on expanding its stores. At the time, the companys emphasis on expansion was appropriate considering the history of massive growth. What originally helped Home Depots growth was a decentralized business model where stores were populated with exaltedly k instantlyledgeable sales persons with backgrounds in various building trades.Regional and store-level managers, those closest to the customer, were empowered with decisions of merchandising and inventory mix instead of the pot at the head quarters. IT also played a significant role. Home Depot relied heavily on home grown systems. By building its own applications, it didnt get bogged down in customizing off-the-shelf package and didnt invest time and money in endless enterprise wide implementations.In addition, a touchstone database design and an application architecture that reused software components allowed the IT staff to develop applications, such as the companys mobile say system (a cart equipped with a computer and printer that clerks could wheel around the store to range products and change prices). Average store revenues in prime geographical markets were roughly $60-$80 million, which could justify senior high levels of de-centralization. The direct-to-store model made sense to Home Depot in the past because of its high sales in each store.With network expansion and competition, per store sales dropped and a decentralized ordering model caused high inventory problems for Home Depot. The majority of supplier shipments flowed directly to the stores and resulted in the Home Depot being the whiz largest less-than-truckload shipper in the United States, since to the highest degree 80% of goods were flowing direct to store on half-empty trucks, which was inefficient, lead to woeful inventory turns, poor in-stock and high logistics cost.Mea nwhile, most(prenominal) retailers, such as rival Lowes and discount ball of fire Wal-Mart, ship to distribution centers that can serve up to 100 stores. There, they break down larger shipments into littler ones that are parceled out to stores. Home Depots individual stores were their own stocking centers and store associates had to spend more time in unloading trucks than serving customers. The business model became compromised as to who had the most stores in the most locations vs. superior customer service.After 30 years in business and taking pride in towering shelves of in-stock items Home Depot is taking the largest initiatives to move to a more traditional supply chain. In 2006, Home Depot hired Mark Holifield, formerly with Office Depot, as senior vice professorship of supply chain to modernize the companys supple chain. Part of this new initiative is to get the forklifts out of stores and number the amount of inventory piled up in stores. The move to centralized orde ring means suppliers now turn over just one order to process instead of a hundred POs from individual stores.In addition, suppliers now ship their products in truckload quantities to the RDCs instead of sending LTL shipments to individual stores. The combined savings have enabled Home Depot to negotiate better prices with its vendors, which further reduced overall costs. Although all of these changes have helped streamline its supply chain operations, Holifield emphasizes that the overarching goal is to make Home Depot a better place to shop. The whole network is about is providing on-time and accurate service to individual stores so that they can focus on the customers.

The Nature of Contagious Yawning

Report title Contagious drowsy Introduction drowsy in general Yawning is a common act in all humans from birth and is ace of the best examples of a fixed action pattern once a yawn begins it becomes unstoppable. It excessively occurs in the same path each epoch. Several theories have been proposed to explain its existence in everyday life. There has been no important way of explaining why oscitancy occurs. Communication, physiology and arousal exit be discussed. Firstly, communication is proposed as a primordial reason for oscitancy, by Guggisberg, Mathis, Herrmann & Hess (2007).They attri besidese take a breath(a) to vigilance and suggest that unconscious communication occurs to synchronise a group and show vigilance. Baenninger (1987) also suggest that yawning helps to maintain attention levels and it may have evolved to produce vigilance and tho suggest that it could communicate drowsiness or illness to a group. Another supposition suggests a physiological link, wher eby the yawn maintains mental efficiency by regulating the brain temperature finished a cooling mechanism (Palagi, Leone, Mancici & Ferarri, 2009).However, a study by Gallup & Gallup jr. (2008) has shown inconclusive results for this conjecture. Another theory suggests that yawning is collectable(p) to arousal. Matikainen and Elo (2007) report that yawning increases arousal and helps the separate to waken up. They suggest that it is due to connections surrounded by the speak and the neck which when stretched stimulates the carotid body responsible for oxygen homeostasis. However, research by Guiggisberg et al (2007) found opposing research and their results showed that arousal levels decreased after yawns.It is clear that further research needs to be conducted to bewilder the causes of yawns, and it has been shown that there is possibly much than one answer for this problem. However conclusive evidence for all theory is yet to be found. Contagious yawning Seeing, hearing or even thinking about another(prenominal) person yawning stool trigger a yawn, infectious yawns occur in 40-60% of human adults but its primary reason and function is let off unknown. many advancement nevertheless, has been do to explain its cause. The advance in research into ancestral yawning has come from the discovery of mirror neurons (Arnott, Singhal & Goodale, 2009).These ar cells which are located in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIGF) and are active when an individual sees another perform and action. They turn on in the same was as they do when an individual performs the task themselves. It is proposed that mirror neurons enable individuals to understand others experiences and randy states. This research thence suggests that seeing or hearing a yawn activates this area of the brain and so initiates a yawning action. It has also been proposed that as mirror neurons help to understand emotional states, it is closely linked with empathy.This blind drunks th at catching yawning could be linked to empathy too. Contagious yawning and empathy This study has been conducted to assess the blood amid transmittable yawning and empathy. Previous research highlights a strong relationship. Arnott et al (2009) investigated empathy and auditory contagious yawning and their results show a positive correlation between the twain with more yawns elicited by those who polish offd higher on the empathy scale given up. The relationship was modest but still significant below . 05. in any case Periol & Monaca (2006) halt out that contagious yawning doesnt occur in species that cant recognise themselves in the mirror, nor can infants under two, suggesting that sense of self is required which is a key element to understanding others. former(a) research has shown that those with autistic spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia are unable to yawn contagiously as much as controls and that this is due to lack of empathy (Haker & Rossler, 2008). The premise of this study is to add to current research by expanding on Arnott et als research, by using visual stimuli.This study will ravel further the relationship between empathy and contagious yawning as this seems to be the area with most evidence. If the pilot data suggests a slip consistent with the current data then it will suggest further research and a sufficient study should be conducted, however if the results gained show little evidence for a relationship then it will be suggested that other areas of contagious yawning should be looked into in more depth to find its feasible cause. Hypotheses 1a) Contagious yawning is elicited from visual stimuli a) Higher amounts of contagious yawning will be pitch in those with higher levels of empathy. Null hypotheses 1b) Visual stimuli does not elicit contagious yawning 2b) There is no deviation in amount of contagious yawning and level of empathy. Method 30 Stirling University students took part. This audition was a between actors design . Independent variable is number of yawns produced in each determine. Dependant variable is empathy score The experiment consisted of two parts. To begin, each participant was required to complete the interpersonal reactivity index questionnaire to determine empathy levels.From this the participants were categorise as empathetic or non empathetic and form the two experimental groups (mean was calculated and sample break away above and below the mean). After the empathy questionnaire was completed, the experimental phase began which contained two tick offs, firstly a yawning check out (test phase) whereby participants were shown a slide show of 15 yawning faces each slide lasting 10seconds. Within the time period the participant was required to focus on each face and rate how many time the face made them feel like yawning or actually yawn.Secondly, participants were given a unbiassed correct whereby a similar slide show was given but with 15 neutral expressions. This was give n as a control for the test phase so that educate effects could be tried for. If a similar frequency of yawn was observed in both phases then the yawns wouldnt be classed as contagious, and attributed to boredom rather than retainer. The two phases were reversed for half the participants for counterbalancing and also to aid understanding of when contagious yawning had occurred- neutral phase was not always last which may have indicated boredom, so results are more reliable.The analysis was in two parts firstly, the frequency of yawning was compared in each condition to determine if visual stimuli induce contagious yawning in the test phase compared to the neutral. Secondly, the analyses compared empathetic participants with non empathetic participants to test if empathy was related to contagious yawning. Examples of stimuli Neutral phase Yawning phase pic pic All images contained a lavish face and expressions were face on to the participant in attempt to maintain validity for ea ch phase. Results conjecture 1 Contagious yawning is elicited from visual stimuli Tests of normality showed that there was significance for yawning and so parametric tests were conducted. Graph 1 shows that there was a higher amount of yawns produced in the yawning condition than the neutral condition and the Wilcoxon test shows there was significantly different result. Z= -2. 722, p. 006 Graph 1 bestow amount of yawing produced in each condition picThe significant difference found between yawning in the yawn condition and the neutral condition shows that contagious yawning occurred to visual stimuli, and the secret code hypothesis can be rejected. Therefore further analyses can be conducted into empathy and contagious yawning. Hypothesis 2 Higher amounts of contagious yawning will be present in those with higher levels of empathy. Graph 2 shows the relationship between the amount of yawns produced and empathy scores. Those with high empathy scores (62+) yawned more in the yawn ing condition compared to those with low empathy scores.However, the graph also shows similar amounts of yawning between empathy groups in the neutral condition. Graph 2 Total amount of yawning produced in each condition, split by empathy score. pic Due to small sample size and the data having an affected distribution a spearmans rho test for correlation was conducted. It showed no significant relationship between empathy score and number of yawns produced in each condition, p= . 27 with a correlation of . 259, in neutral condition and p=. 686, with a correlation of . 96 in the yawn condition. Therefore the null hypothesis has to be accepted. DiscussionPrevious research has suggested that contagious yawning is due to empathy and a higher level of empathy suggests the individual is more likely to contagiously yawn. This study aimed to determine if this was found with visual stimuli in the form of resultant images of individuals yawning on a screen. The study tested to see if contagi ous yawning could be induced by images and compared the results to number of yawns produced by images of neural expressions in the same format. The study also aimed to contribute to the active knowledge on the relationship between empathy and contagious yawning.Due to the small sample size and the test for normality showing that there wasnt a normal distribution of the data, the statistics performed were limited, and are not generalisable to the boilers suit population. The results show that there was a significant difference between the two conditions and more yawns were produced in the yawning condition compared to the neutral. The study was conducted in a way that yawns produced by boredom could be controlled for. If it was the case that yawns were produced due to boredom then a similar frequency would be observed in both conditions curiously as the conditions were counterbalanced.The results were highly significant (p=. 006) showing that yawns can be attributed to contagious yawning and not boredom, therefore the null hypothesis could be rejected and the hypothesis that yawning stimuli induces contagious yawning can be accepted. This contributes to the body of research on contagious yawning especially as Arnott et al (2009) has already shown contagious yawning can be elicited to auditory stimuli. This study, compared empathy scores with frequency of yawns in each condition to determine a relationship between the two as proposed by Haker & Rossler (2008), as well as in the study by Arnott et al.This study used the interpersonal reactivity index questionnaire to determine levels of empathy and the mean score was calculated in order to form two experimental groups of high and low empathy. This was lone(prenominal) if to test for a trend and is understood that due to the abnormal distribution of scores in the data, any results cannot be generalised, as the two experimental groups for empathy are not normally distributed. The results shown in graph 2, unde rstandably show no difference between frequency of yawns and level of empathy especially in the neutral condition where the frequency of yawns for each empathy group are virtually the same.A slight difference is seen in the yawning condition and at a glance looks to suggest that higher empathy scores result in more yawns produced however with a closer look at the frequencies, it is clear that there is only a difference of one or two yawns and the statistical analysis shows no significant difference between empathy and yawns in both conditions. However it should be noted that the correlation conducted cannot be relied on too heavily due to the small sample size and so it can still be concluded that the graph shows a possible trend that for high empathy individuals, contagious yawning is more common.Especially as the graph shows a difference in similarity of empathy group based on condition (neutral shows no difference at all whereas yawn condition shows slight difference) Even though significance is not met and for this study the null hypothesis has to be accepted, the nature of the data and tests performed show that the results are not conclusive and trends can still be relied upon. There are however many limitations to this study.Clearly, with the study organism a pilot for future day research, the sample size was low and so generalisable results could not be hoped for however methodological improvements could be made to make trends found more reliable. Firstly, only one measure of empathy was used and so empathy scores were only based on specific answers to questions. Arnott et al used several in their study giving a cleanse indication of empathy however due to the small scale of the study and limitations on resources meant only one could be found.The power point slides contained many faces and it was difficult to find yawning faces which looked like yawns and not well-defined mouthed expressions, conveying a yawn through an image was much more complex th an anticipated. Another point to consider was the nature of how the study was portrayed, the emphasis on yawning was placed from the beginning and so as one participant remarked he knew it was about yawning so he was thinking about it a lot in the first condition so even thought he was looking at neutral faces, he yawned as he was thinking about it. This shows how contagious yawning can be and how our results can be skewed.For further research, better conditions must be met and participants told of the premise of the study after two conditions had been undertaken. The self report table given to the participants during the study whereby they noted how many times they yawned or felt like yawning may need to include other contagious acts like laughing, to avoid yawns being induced by thinking. This would mean that further studies into contagious yawning would require more expressions to test the participant and so they dont constantly think about how much they are yawning.Either that or possibly use a camera to record yawns so the participants focus is consistently on the stimuli. shoemakers last The results show that visual stimuli can induce contagious yawning and so can aid further research when creating a method of testing yawning. The results obtained from empathy and contagious yawning although in significant, still suggest a trend and so could be further studied if more participant were used and a better methodology was introduced. The pilot study has shown the possibility of a link between contagious yawning and empathy and so needs to be further investigated.Bibliography Arnott, S. R. , Singhal, A. , Goodale, M. A. (2009), An investigation of auditory contagious yawning, Cognitive, Affective & demeanoural Neuroscience 9 (3) 335-342 Baenninger, R. (1987). Some comparative aspects of yawning in Betta splendens, Homo sapiens, Panthera leo, and Papio sphinx. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 101, 349-354. Gallup, A. C. , Gallup, G. G, Jr (2008) Yawning a nd thermoregulation. Physiology and Behaviour 95 10-16. Guggisberg, A. G. ,Mathis, J. , Herrmann, U. S. , Hess, C. W (2007). The functional relationship between yawning and vigilance.Behavioural brain research179 (1) 159-66. Haker, H. & Rossler, W. (2009) Empathy in schizophrenia impaired resonance. European Archive of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 259, 352-361. Palagi, E. , Leone, A. , Mancini, G. , Ferrari, P. F. , (2009). Contagious yawning in gelada baboons as a possible expression of empathy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 (46) 19262-7. Perriol, M. P. & Monaca, C. (2006) One person yawning sets off everyone else. Journal of Neurological Neurosurgical Psychiatry. 77) 3 3 Matikainen, J. , Elo, H (2008). Does yawning increase arousal through mechanical stimulation of the carotid body? Medical Hypotheses 70 488492 pic Top of Form Condition loaded number of yawns Mean number of yawns