Economic inequality Essay

Application and evaluation question  Candidates are required to demonstrate understanding of SOL by applying the data given to assess the change in level of SOL in Singapore. They are also required to identify limitations of data given in assessing non-material aspect of SOL and suggest possible indicators to provide a more comprehensive measurement of SOL in Singapore. Schematic Plan (to be done in 2-3 minutes) Thinking Process Introduction (GIST) Define SOL, provide an overview of the essay Provide the thesis – Show how the data given support a rising SOL Analyse how economic growth can translate to rising SOL Analyse how a low inflation rate is necessary for increasing SOL Analyse how the creation of more jobs can lead to a rising SOL Provide the anti-thesis – why the non-material SOL should be examined and analyse how stress level can affect non-material SOL Analyse how income disparity can affect the SOL of Singaporean despite evidence of economic growth Analyse how negative externalities can affect the non-material SOL Reiterate your stand and conclude General Statement (Key idea) Interpretation (Definitions, clarify concepts / question) Scope (Set up directions for the answer) sTand (State the stand) Standard of living (SOL) is a measure of the welfare of a populace. It is comprised of material aspects such as quantity of goods and services consumed and non-material aspects such as amount of leisure time and access to necessities of life. To determine whether the standard of living in Singapore has been rising over the years, it is necessary to examine changes in both the material and non-material aspects. While the information given in the preamble seems to suggest an improvement in the material aspect, there is a lack of information to prove that there is a corresponding improvement in the non-material aspect. Nonetheless, given the positive data in the preamble and taking into account the government’s constant effort to improve the non-material aspect, such as pollution level, we can reasonably conclude that the standard of living in Singapore has been increasing to a large extent. Body (PEEL) PEEL – 1 State the Point (P) As mentioned in the preamble, the Singapore economy grew by 9.2% in the third quarter, this is likely to lead to an improvement in the material well being of Singaporean in general. Explain the point with clear causal links (E) Elaborate the point with examples (E) The 9.2% economic growth in the third quarter of 1993 means that real Gross Domestic Product in third quarter of 1993 increased by 9.2% over the previous year. Since GDP is the total value of the final output produced within a country, this would meant that national output and hence national income increased by 9.2%. This increase means people are enjoying more income which allows them to purchase more goods and services to satisfy their wants. For example, now more people can afford to buy luxury goods such as cars. Link back to Question (L) This increases their welfare and hence the SOL increases. PEEL – 2 State the Point (P) As mentioned in the preamble, the inflation is low at the rate of 2.4% per annum, this is likely to translate to an increase in material standard of living. Explain the point with clear causal links (E) Elaborate the point with examples (E) As discussed above, the economy grew at 9.2% and that would translate to higher income for the average consumer. A low inflation rate of 2.4% ensures that the increase in the income of the average consumer is higher than the increase in the prices of the goods and services he consumes. As such, for the average consumer, his real purchasing power increases and he is able to consume more goods and services as compared to before. Link back to Question (L) This means that his welfare and SOL is improved. PEEL – 3 State the Point (P) As mentioned in the preamble, 19000 jobs were created, this is likely to lead to an improvement in SOL for Singaporeans. Explain the point with clear causal links (E) Elaborate the point with examples (E) With the creation of these 19000 job opportunities, many previously unemployed workers would be able to find jobs and start to earn an income. These people who were previously unemployed would now be able to afford more goods and services, such as more meals or entertainment in clubs, with the income they now earn and hence enjoy a higher material standard of living. At the same time, as unemployment rate goes down, the labour market becomes increasingly saturated and companies may be willing to pay a higher wage to attract workers. With a higher wage, workers are now able to consume more goods and services than before. Link back to Question (L) As such, the welfare and SOL of the average Singaporean is likely to improve. PEEL – 4 State the Point (P) However, it is insufficient to only look at the material aspect to determine if the SOL in Singapore has been rising over the years. It is also necessary to examine changes in the non-material SOL for a comprehensive analysis of the level of SOL in Singapore. One possible indicator would be the stress level of the average Singapore worker. Explain the point with clear causal links (E) Elaborate the point with examples (E) The high economic growth of 9.2% reported in the preamble could have come about as a result of longer working hours. For instance, there is an increasing number of 24 hour coffeeshop in Singapore and existing employees are paid to work longer hours. As workers work longer hours to produce more goods and services, they experience a higher level of stress. At the same time, majority of the 19000 jobs created might be in the sales and retail sector where the stress to perform is extremely high. As such, the stress level of Singaporean may have gone up. Link back to Question (L) / Evaluation If the stress level of the average Singaporean worker has increased over the years, then the non-material SOL, and hence the overall SOL, of the average Singaporean may have worsened. However, to address that, the government has been encouraging companies to have a healthy work-life balance to promote families togetherness. Work days for most companies have been limited to 5 days week. As such, it is likely that the increase in stress level is limited and the average Singaporean still enjoy a rising overall SOL. PEEL – 5 State the Point (P) Another possible way to examine whether the average Singaporean’s SOL has risen is to examine whether the gains from the economic growth is distributed equitably. Explain the point with clear causal links (E) Elaborate the point with examples (E) If the income disparity has widened, it would mean most people gained less  benefits from the economic growth while the rich gained the most. This would mean the income of the majority has changed little and hence their welfare increase is limited or negligible. Hence on the whole, the SOL may be unchanged or has even decreased in an extreme case. Link back to Question (L) / Evaluation On further analysis, this may be an unlikely scenario for Singapore. The government has had attempt to close the income gap through financial benefits such as GST credits and fundings for Comcare, the Edusave merit bursary and the likes to ensure the poor’ s finances are enhanced. In fact, recently the income disparity in Singapore has eased according to the Gini coefficient which assigns a value of 1 to the most unequal income distribution and 0 to the most equal. Singapore currently hovers around 0.430. As such, it is likely that most Singaporean would be able to enjoy the fruits of the economic growth and experience an increase in SOL. PEEL – 6 State the Point (P) Finally, it is also important to examine the impact of negative externalities in assessing the change in the non-material SOL of Singaporeans over this period. Explain the point with clear causal links (E) Elaborate the point with examples (E) It is possible that more pollution and traffic congestion may have arrived due to the increase in national production (hence output). These increase in negative externalities worsens the living environment and exacts a cost (in the form of healthcare cost) for example on the people. Hence the net benefits from the economic growth may be eroded. Link back to Question (L) / Evaluation However, the government of Singapore has had a track record of developing a clean and conducive living environment for all. It has strict laws on pollution and efficient policies on tracking traffic congestion like ERP and promoting public transport. Hence a rise in social costs is unlikely to be significant compared to countries such as China and Thailand. As such, the impact of negative externalities is likely to be limited and the overall SOL of Singaporean is likely to have increased. Conclusion Summarise and Reiterate (SR) All in all, it can be safely concluded that there is a rise in living standards in Singapore to a large extent in spite of a lack of data on the non-material aspect of SOL. This is because of the track record of the government which has worked to increase the SOL of Singapore since 1965 effectively and dramatically. However, it is still best to include other indicators such as the PSI (to see the level of pollution), the Gini coefficient and MEW. These will help to give a better estimate of the change in the SOL. Ultimately, SOL is too broad a concept to be measured by any single indicator.

Status Of Women

What is gender? What is sex in biological terms? Are gender and sex the same thing? Explain why or why not? The state of being male or female, typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones. Gender refers to the personal sexual identity of an individual regardlessnof the persons bological and outward sex. How people define masculinity and femininity can vary based on the ndividuals background and surrounding culture. Our biological sex is how we are defined as female and male or intersex.It describes our internal and external bodies including our sexual and reproductive anatomy, our genetic make-up and our hormones. The distinction between sex and gender differentiates sex, the biological make-up of an individuals reproductive anatomy or secondary sex characteristics, from gender, an individuals lifestyle or personal identity of ones own gender. Sex and gender are often used interchangeably. How do gender and sex contribute to the concept s and constructions of masculinity and femininity? Genedr and sex contribute to the concepts and construction of masculinity and femininity in many ways.Gender and sex concepts and construction of masculinity and femininity of being able to tell the difference between the two. They show them as being completely different like males being the protector and ladies being caring and emotional. Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to the ways we embrace gender and sex in diversity? Yes, I do feel that our concepts of gender and sex contributr to the way we embrace gender and sex in diversity. I feel that we look at males in one light and females in another, we all at some point expect men to the ones that are tough and brave and look at women as being emotional.When it could be the other way around. Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation? Explain. Yes, I feel that our concepts of gender and sex contribute to our understanding of se xual orientation in mnay ways. We have a understanding of what each gender is and what they provide, causing us to make a desision on who we want to be with in life. Wether we are heterosexual: attracted to an individual of the opposite sex, bisexual: attracted to both sexes, or homosexual: attracted to members of the same sex.

Benjamin Franklin Gender Roles

The autobiography is based around the age of reason and a time man was thought to be able to be perfected by means of science and invention. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is full of success, however, the male gender prevails much more than the female gender. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin begins In 1706, when Benjamin was born. He was the fifteenth of seventeen children. HIS father, , had intended that Benjamin go to school to become a minister. However, Benjamin showed a great love for reading and writing and soon enough the path to become a minister was abandoned.At age ten, he was soon taken out of school to begin work with his father . This work Included making candles and soap. During this time, Bens father taught him the importance of debate, which would stick with Ben for the rest of his life. Not long after, Benjamin began to work for his brother James, a printer. Ben signed an eight year work contract with his brother. Ben disliked his fathers trade and preferred working for a printer because it allowed him to read and hone his writing skills. This brief history of Bens childhood alone shows the importance of the male gender during the .A female would never have been given a Job at a printing press or put through school in the same way that Benjamin was. HIS success began right when he was born because of his father putting him through school and finding jobs for him. More importantly, his father teaching him the importance of debate is a groundbreaking moment. Benjamin Franklin is known as a political figure and scientist/inventor. Learning the Importance of debate at such a young age clearly served him in great and many ways. Benjamin Franklin spent his teen years practicing his writing. In 1 720,James started a newspaper known as the New England . According to Franklin, this was the second newspaper in America. Franklin worked as a delivery boy and would publish his own writings anonymously. Franklin often disputed politics and books with another bookish lad by the name of John Collins. One of their arguments speaks directly about the female gender during the . A question was once, somehow or other, started between Collins and me, of the propriety of educating the female sex in learning, and their abilities for study. He was of that It was Improper (Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. New York: Bantam Books, 1982, 14. ) Collins shares the same views and mentalities that many men of the shared. At the time, it was was it a waste but Collins specifically states that it is improper. l took to the contrary side, perhaps a little for disputes sake. (Franklin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, 14. ) This statement, made by Benjamin Franklin, is of great importance. He goes against the general population, whether by choice or simply for the sake of argument.When he states that it was perhaps a little for disputes sake, e leaves room for the reader to assume that he was in fact for the education of women. That being said, this doesnt mean he is wishing their success in following the American dream like many women are more than capable of doing today. Nonetheless, the fact that Franklin promotes their educational well-being at all is a big step and is of significance. Benjamin Franklin doesnt mention too much about his own familys success. However, the beginning of The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is written as a letter to his son, William. William did succeed however, quite well in fact. He went on to be the royal governor of New Jersey in 1771. Benjamin wife, Deborah Read, was never mentioned as being a very successful woman. In fact, together, they lost a son who was only four years old at the time. This death is only given a brief mention, most likely in order to not relive the tragedy. Within Franklins family, the male gender prevails. The most significant sign of this is with William Franklins rise to royal governor of New Jersey. However, there is also a great deficit within the male gender of Franklins family.The passing of Franklins second son wows that while the male gender succeeded greatly during the Age of Reason, there was also a great loss as well. The were designed for a male to succeed. From the beginning of the discovery of America, which was done by Columbus and mostly men, the male gender has taken leadership. It has taken nearly five hundred years for females to become as successful as they are today, and yet they still arent equal with men. In conclusion, even if it wasnt by choice, Benjamin Franklin and the male gender in general were much more successful than the female gender during the and the Age of Reason.

Health Care Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Care Crisis - Essay Example The high cost of the multi-payer system is at the core of the unsustainable medical care costs in America. Medical care does not obey the laws of demand and supply. This makes the seller set the price as far as they can. In the U.S, the price has been set too high making it impossible to provide universal health care. The federalism form of government also makes it difficult to initiate changes to government policies. Furthermore, America does not have a uniform medical care system, making it difficult for the implementation of universal health coverage. The nation has substitute programs that have extended insurance coverage to the legal American citizens in place of universal healthcare coverage. There are already costly related programs, such as Social Security Disability Insurance. If the universal health coverage is implemented, it will put the American firms at a global competitive loss. Next, the insurance policies that have been bought abroad stops being effective in America, especially for those people travelling from the home countries to the U.S. Universal health care coverage would reduce the competition the competition between the American biotechnological and pharmaceutical sector that has resulted in numerous medical breakthroughs. These issues have made it difficult for the United States to have universal health coverage. Health care is a very crucial component in any economic system. Borger et al. (2006) observe that universal health coverage entails some certain form of government action that is aimed at expanding medical care as far as possible in addition to setting minimum standards. Numerous distinct organizations in the U.S provide medical care. Most of the medical care facilities are operated and owned by the private sector enterprises. Statistics have indicated that about 56% of the American community hospitals are non-profit, with the remaining 22% are either state-owned or operate as non-profit organizations (Niles, 2014). The U.S

Drug and Alcohol addiction in Teens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Drug and Alcohol addiction in Teens - Essay Example Moreover, currently, 46 percent of the students in high schools are steady and continuous users of these substances. Furthermore, more than 90 percent of the American population, who meets the medical criteria for addiction, started using drugs and alcohol well before the age of 18 years. Therefore, the point here is that drug and alcohol use within the teenagers of the US is amongst one of the biggest health concerns for the administration of United States (Park, 2011). One of the prime reasons behind drug and alcohol use within teens is peer pressure. It is basic psychological need for children to be accepted into the social groups of their surroundings and fit-in with their friends. Furthermore, teenagers which come from troubled families, divorced parents, lower income class families and other sorts of troubled backgrounds fail to get the right amount of attention that they desire from their parents, which puts them at greater risk of going to extraordinary lengths for getting attention from their friends. Furthermore, amongst other reasons, curiosity, history of health issues, being bored, and others are some of the reasons behind teens trying drugs and alcohol (Kleiman, et al., 2011, p. 382). Over the past few years, the society and the media has been sending mixed messages to children regarding drug use. Some parents and even educational institutions have adopted this attitude that, â€Å"they are kids and they will eventually try it at least once, what’s the big deal?† The most fundamental problem with this attitude is that during the teenage and adolescent years, the cognitive parts of the brain, which are responsible for judgment, decision-making, and impulse control, are not fully developed by then. Therefore, if the teenager starts using drugs during these early years of life, the brain might not get the opportunity to understand, completely, and grasp the consequences of

Project Management Network diagram Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Management Network diagram - Essay Example An event is defined as the starting or ending point for a group of activities and an activity is the work required to proceed from one event or point of time to another.(Kerzner, 1992). The numbers over the arrow specifies the time needed. To know the relationships between activities what job precedes a particular job, what job immediately follows this job and what jobs can run concurrently have to be listed and the time required for the completion is estimated. Based on the chronological order in which they have to be completed, the following network diagram is constructed: From the above diagram we can understand the sequence of activities and their relative importance in the completion of the project. From the information provided we can tabulate and determine the critical path of the project. The Critical path is the sequence of activities which are crucial because delays to them will delay the completion of the project as a whole(Needham, 1997). The late finish and the late finish of the activities are calculated first. The early finish is the optimistic estimate of the completion time of the specific activity and the late finish is the pessimistic estimate of the duration of the activity. The slack time is the difference between the early finish and the late finish. In other words, the slack time denotes the time duration which can be delayed without delaying the entire project. But there are some activities which have the slack time zero, which means that these activities cannot be delayed. These activities are critical for the successful complet ion of the project because they cannot be delayed. The Appendix - 1 shows the calculation slack time of the activities. The calculation shows that the critical path consists of activities, A, D, H, I, J which are crucial for the completion of the project because they do not have any slack time. b) Normal distribution curves are very useful to analyze the frequency of data. When we construct a standard normal probability distribution table, the relationship between the mean of the distribution and the random variable is established. The formula used is: Z = x - / , Where, Z = number of standard deviations from x to the mean of this distribution X = value of the random variable with which we are concerned = mean of the distribution of this random variable = standard deviation of this distribution The value obtained from using the above mentioned formula is

Commentary Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Commentary Assignment - Essay Example It is believed that cannabis was used during religious ceremonials of the early ethnic groups of people. Shamans and sacerdotes in the ancient times used cannabis to become more religiously enlighted. Cannabis has an effect on the mind and body senses of a person who uses it. Most general and comfortable way to use cannabis is to smoke its dry leaves like tobacco. Cannabis is usually smoked with pipe, hookah, bong or joints (small hand rolling cigars). Usually person who smoke cannabis appear to feel euphory, think in a more philosophical and self-insight way. Individual under the influence of cannabis also has a more receptive feelings especially towards perception of information and food or drinks. If person for example likes music then his listening to the favourite song before smoking cannabis and after will be different. Food seems more pleasant as well as all other kinds of nice things like hot shower, sexual intercourse, reading a book, watching a movie etc. Cannabis influence brain directity and hit receptors which influence emotional, psychic and behavioural condition of an individual. All desirable effects of cannabis like euphoria, sense of pleasentness, more perceptive feelings and other dissappear within a couple of hours after cannabis was used. Though it is a light drug and if talking medically in fact not even a drug it has some bad effects. These bad effect are usually of a long term and depend on the regularity of smoking cannabis and the amount of product smoked. Among negative long-term effects are loss of concentration, clow reaction, sleepliness, inactivity and passive reaction towards the irritants of the environment. However this negative effects do not have somehow significantly negative influence and they appear only if cannabis is used too regularly and in a huge portions. It is also clinically proved that without further using of cannabis such negative effects vanish with no trace of

Causes and Effects of Childhood Obesity Research Paper

Causes and Effects of Childhood Obesity - Research Paper Example According to the findings, obesity is impossible to hide and typically introduces a great deal of public humiliation every time the individual walks out the door. This element alone can cause lifelong severe psychological damage that significantly impacts the individual’s ability to live a happy, fulfilling life. However, the physical cost of being obese are much greater even than this. It is well-known that obesity can dramatically lower life expectancy at every age level. What might not be so well known is that there are at least 300,000 deaths in the United States every year that are the direct result of the person being obese. Even when life doesn’t seem threatened, people who are obese suffer a greater number of illnesses, have an earlier onset and more severe problems in their bones and joints and back region and are more lethargic than those who are not. Approaching epidemic proportions, identifying the causes and treatment of obesity is of utmost importance part icularly when working with children who have an entire lifetime ahead of them. Heredity significantly influences obesity. People who are genetically predisposed to being obese have a harder time trying to lose weight or to maintain the desired body mass. Children born into overweight families are often overweight even before they have the opportunity to try maintaining a healthy weight. Other contributing factors to the problem of obesity in children can include metabolic and socioeconomic circumstances, diseases, endocrine ailments, and medications Metabolism refers to how efficiently a person’s body burns up energy. Metabolic levels and hormonal balances differ widely from one person to another and both factor significantly in controlling weight.

Negotiation paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negotiation paper - Essay Example The main agenda of this tactic was to ensure the agent could not undermine me. My silence did not give the agent a clue of what I really wanted and the amount I was willing to pay for the property. I adopted the trick so that the seller felt bullied, which made him easily give in to my demands. The buildings were well built, insured and the surrounding environment aesthetically preserved. Early, survey was conducted where the buildings were examined and all documents verified for their validity. Following this, the agent had placed a value of $ 100,000 on the property. My plan was to spend between $ 60,000 and $ 80,000 although I was hoping that my tactics would play a greater role in ensuring that I bargain for lesser pay. It was time for negotiation, but the agent was not himself; he was full of fear and lacked composure. We took a few minutes staring at each other, but I took advantage of the situation and asked him the much he was willing to sell the property. I was focused on ensuring that I stay within my price range. I did not want to be the first person to make the offer because I was certain of its impact on the counter offer. He stated that he was offering the property at $ 85,000. Because the price was within my range, I did not behave in a manner to suggest the offer was favorable to me. I knew that initial offers are considerably unsuccessful as compared to the counter offer individual. The advantage of a first offer occurs when negotiating with an individual with no or less experience; because I have more than four years experience in the sector, I was very confident I would win. To react to my seller’s offer, I gave him a long silent look which in some way threatened him. I asked him if he was certain about the offer,, but in reply he asked me the much I was willing to part with, to be on the safe side, I did not say anything. After a short silence, the agent told me that he was willing to lowers the price from

State the Problem Essay Example for Free

State the Problem Essay Two entrepreneurs, Rabie and Harary, started a company around a product that sprouted hair from a small humanlike head. They called this product Earth Buddy and the sales jumped pretty quickly. Sales at first started through Toronto-area flower shops and gift stores but as demand increased they were able to start selling Earth Buddy at Toys R Us, Wal-Mart, K-Mart and similar stores. The production process had few steps but was affected by the weather. With hot weather, the process was delayed two hours. Summer is forecasted to come, which means it will be getting hot soon. This will slow production when demand is increasing. It is Ben’s task to find a solution so that these hot days do not increase process time. Analyze the Problem The problem lies in the process of making the product. There are seven steps in making the product and each one has a limited capacity. Personal should be placed in the task where they can be most effective. Ever process has a bottleneck and in this case it is the Filing step. The Filing step, with the current amount of employees, can only produce 40 units per hour. It is said that there is usually about 250 heads in the filling area but sometimes it is a larger amount. This is because all the other steps have at least a production capacity of 75 units per hour and some even have up to 225 units per hour. Filling is the bottleneck and it causing delays. Conclusion/Suggestions There are two suggestions for Earth Buddy to solve its problems. The first solution is to increase personal in the Filling stage. This will increase the capacity, which will increase production. Hiring more personal is the best option to stop the delays. The second solution is to making the productions areas temperature-controlled rooms. This way it does not matter how hot it is outside because the weather will not affect the product. This will stop the two-hour delays from ever occurring again. There is also a proposition in which facility can be expanded, but this is not a good idea. The product is going off the shelves right now but competition is soon to rise because it is a very simple process. Investing a lot of money in a new facility can  become a failure. The solutions are increase production and get temperature-controlled rooms.

Cigarette Excise Taxes in Pakistan

Cigarette Excise Taxes in Pakistan Executive Summary Cigarettes are inexpensive in Pakistan and are by far the most widely sold tobacco product in the country . The most popular brands cost PKR 18.40 per pack of 20 (USD 0.25 per pack at the current exchange rate). In part because cigarettes are inexpensive, annual consumption of cigarettes has increased (from 292 cigarettes per capita in 1994 to 406 cigarettes per capita in 2007). This raises serious health concerns. A proven intervention to reduce smoking is to raise the price of cigarettes relative to other products by increasing excises on cigarettes. Although Pakistan adjusts its cigarette excises almost every year, the rates have not kept pace with inflation and the growth of per capita income. Excise revenue has fallen from 0.5 percent of GDP in 1994 to 0.3 percent of GDP in 2007. This report assesses Pakistans excises on cigarettes. Domestic cigarettes are classified into three tiers based on the retail price before value added tax (VAT). Each tier is subject to a different excise regime. Cigarettes in Tier I (the lowest-priced cigarettes) are subject only to a specific excise of PKR 6.34 per pack. Cigarettes in Tier II (cigarettes in the mid-price range) are subject to mixed regime comprising a PKR 6.34 per pack specific excise and an incremental 69 percent ad valorem excise. Cigarettes in Tier III (the highest-priced cigarettes) are subject only to a 63 percent ad valorem excise. To reduce consumption, increase government revenue, and simplify the excise regime, Pakistan should return to a two-tier regime similar to what was abandoned in 2001. For cigarettes priced lower than PKR 28.00 per pack-the first tier-the excise would be a specific rate of PKR 15.00 per pack. For cigarettes priced PKR 28.00 per pack or higher-the second tier-the excise tax would be 63 per cent of the retail price before VAT. Going forward, the specific rate and the price bracket between the two tiers would be automatically indexed for inflation. Under the proposal, over 80 percent of all cigarettes would be in the first tier and subject to the specific excise. Assuming the excise tax is fully passed through to consumers, adoption of this proposal will lead to a 50 percent increase in the price of the most popular brands and more than double the excise tax on these brands. Consumption of cigarettes will decline by 18 percent, providing significant health benefits, and the governments revenue from cigarette excises will increase by 47 percent. A. Current Situation Taxes on cigarettes and other tobacco products Cigarettes are by far the most important tobacco product in Pakistan. The federal government levies excises on cigarettes, which are collected at the manufacturing stage by the Federal Bureau of Revenue (FBR).  [1]  Domestic cigarettes are classified into three tiers based on the retail price before value added tax (VAT), which is printed on each pack, along with the VAT-inclusive price. Each tier is subject to a different excise regime. Cigarettes in Tier I (the lowest-priced cigarettes) are subject only to a specific excise (based on quantity). Cigarettes in Tier II (cigarettes in the mid-price range) are subject to mixed regime comprising a specific excise and an incremental ad valorem excise (based on value). Cigarettes in Tier III (the highest-priced cigarettes) are subject only to an ad valorem excise (Figure 1). From June 2008, the rates are as follows: Tier Retail Price Per Pack (Before VAT) Excise duty Tier I Below PKR 14.86 PKR 6.34 Tier II From PKR 14.86 to PKR 32.00 PKR 6.34 + 69% per incremental rupee over PKR 14.86 Tier III Above PKR 32.00 63% of the retail price before VAT Figure 1. Tax per pack of 20 cigarettes and current prices before VAT All imported cigarettes, of which there are only limited quantities (less than 3 percent of the market), are subject to an ad valorem excise of 63 percent of the retail price (before VAT). Thus, all imports are excised the same as Tier III domestic cigarettes.  [2]  Unmanufactured tobacco is excised at a rate of PKR 5 per kilogram. To avoid tax on tax, this input tax may be claimed as a credit against the excise charged on manufactured cigarettes (or other final tobacco products). The credit is available at the time when excise duty is paid on the manufactured tobacco products.  [3]  Tobacco products other than cigarettes are excised at 63 percent of their retail price. In addition to the excise, cigarettes are subject to the 16 percent VAT which is collected at each stage of production and distribution.  [4]   There are a number of exemptions for tobacco products included in the Third Schedule of the Federal Excise Act: (i) if made by hand in the tapered shape of biris (or bidis) without the use of any manual or power-operated machine in any process of their manufacture; (ii) if supplied to the Navy for consumption on board its vessels; (iii) if supplied for consumption by the President of Pakistan, the President of Azad Jammu Kashmir and the Governors of the Provinces, members of their families and guests; and (iv) if supplied to duty free shops. According to documents from industry, cigarettes cannot sell for less than PKR 14.48 per pack (about USD 0.20 per pack at the current exchange rate).  [5]  This is not being enforced, as lower-priced cigarettes are available.  [6]   In 2007-08, the excises on tobacco products raised PKR 28.52 billion. Tobacco excises have steadily declined from 0.52 percent of GDP in 1992-93 to 0.28 percent of GDP in 2007-08 (Table 1) and from 5.6 percent of federal taxes in 1992-93 to 3.4 percent in 2006-07 . The declining importance of tobacco excise revenue amidst a stable share of total federal taxes in GDP reflects, in part, a decline in all excise taxes, and the growing importance of the sales tax. Table 1. Share of excise taxes on tobacco in GDP Fiscal Year GDP (PKR billions) Tobacco excise tax (PKR billions) Tobacco excise tax as a share of GDP 1992-93 1,620.62 8.51 0.52% 1993-94 1,897.88 8.61 0.45% 1994-95 2,268.46 10.03 0.44% 1995-96 2,577.56 11.59 0.45% 1996-97 2,952.18 11.71 0.40% 1997-98 3,255.31 13.12 0.40% 1998-99 3,572.28 15.12 0.42% 1999-00 3,826.11 14.34 0.37% 2000-01 4,209.87 16.36 0.39% 2001-02 4,452.65 16.56 0.37% 2002-03 4,875.65 17.28 0.35% 2003-04 5,640.58 18.40 0.33% 2004-05 6,499.78 21.88 0.34% 2005-06 7,593.85 23.10 0.30% 2006-07 8,706.92 28.41 0.33% 2007-08 10,009.68 28.52 0.28% Source: IMF, Federal Bureau of Revenue, authors calculation. Structure of the industry There are 42 registered cigarette manufacturers, but only 24 manufacturers are currently producing cigarettes.  [7]  The market is dominated by two companies: Lakson Tobacco Company (LTC), which is a subsidiary of Phillip Morris International (PMI) and Pakistan Tobacco Company (PTC), which is a subsidiary of British American Tobacco (BAT) (Table 2). LTC has gradually increased its market share from 36 percent in 2000 to 47  percent in 2007. Small companies now produce only about 5 percent of the duty paid domestic cigarettes. Table 2. Market shares of the main tobacco manufacturers Manufacturer Affiliation 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Lakson Tobacco Company PMI 35.6 42.2 45.7 47.1 48.1 46.8 46.0 47.0 Pakistan Tobacco Company BAT 53.9 47.5 46.4 46.5 46.7 50.4 51.0 48.4 Other manufacturers NA 10.5 10.3 7.9 6.4 5.2 2.8 3.0 4.6 Source: Tobacco Merchants Association The two leading brands are Morven (produced by LTC 37.6 percent market share) and Gold Flake (produced by PTC 29.5 percent market share), both in the first tier. Along with Embassy and other first tier brands, they account for about 85 percent of the market, with the remaining 15% split between second and third tier brands. Non duty paid illicit cigarettes are widely available. The general industry consensus, which is also shared by the government, is that such cigarettes account for about 20 percent of all cigarettes sold in Pakistan and most of them are produced illegally in Pakistan by small manufacturers active in the North-West Frontier and the Northern Areas. B. Issues Rising Consumption and Declining Revenues Annual consumption of cigarettes in Pakistan has increased from 292 cigarettes per capita in 1994 to 406 cigarettes per capita in 2007 (Figure 2). During this same period, tobacco excise revenue has fallen from 0.5 percent of GDP to 0.3 percent. The decline in revenue is primarily due to excise rates not keeping pace with the growth of per capita income, and to adding a new tier in 2001, which reduced the tax on cigarettes in the mid-price range (Figure 3). Figure 2: Per capita consumption of cigarettes and excise revenue as share of GDP Figure 3: Tax per pack before and after the introduction of the three-tier system Total Tax The total tax on cigarettes is too low to meet public health objectives. The World Bank found that in countries with comprehensive tobacco control policies, taxes (excise plus VAT or sales tax) accounts for two-thirds to four-fifths of the retail price of cigarettes.  [8]  In Pakistan the three most widely sold brands have a total tax burden of slightly more than 50 percent (Table 3), well below the World Bank recommended tax burden. Up-market brands such as Gold Leaf, just fall within the World Bank Standard, with a total tax burden of 68 percent.  [9]   Table 3. Total tax on cigarettes for major brands, in 2008 (in PKR per pack)       Gold Flake Morven Embassy Capstan Gold Leaf [A] Estimated market share (2006) 29.5% 37.6% 6.7% 7.8% 9.4% [B] Retail price 18.40 18.40 17.24 34.30 49.00 [C] VAT (13.8 percent of final retail price) 2.54 2.54 2.38 4.74 6.76 [D] Excise tax 7.03 7.03 6.34 16.48 26.61 [E] Pre-tax price = [B]-[C]-[D] 8.83 8.83 8.52 13.08 15.63 [F] Total tax = [C]+[D] 9.57 9.57 8.72 21.22 33.37 [G] Share of excise = [D]/[B] 38.2% 38.2% 36.8% 48.0% 54.3% [H] Share of taxes = ([C]+[D])/[B] 52.0% 52.0% 50.6% 61.9% 68.1% Ad valorem vs. Specific Over the period 1986-2007, countries within the Asia Pacific region have been switching from ad valorem excises or ad valorem and specific excises on cigarettes to specific excises.  [10]  Currently, 19 of the 27 countries in the Asia Pacific region impose specific excises on cigarettes,  [11]  some of which adjust taxes for inflation on a mandated regular basis. Seven of these countries (Australia, Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, New Zealand, Singapore, and Taiwan) impose a single specific rate; that is, there are no tiers.  [12]  Four countries impose only ad valorem rates on cigarettes,  [13]  and four countries (including Pakistan) impose both specific and ad valorem rates.  [14]   A strong case can be made for Pakistan adopting a specific tax regime for excising cigarettes: If a primary purpose of the cigarette excise-in addition to raising revenue-is to discourage consumption, the tax should be levied on the number of cigarettes (or packs of cigarettes) consumed. Specific excises limit brand switching to cheaper cigarettes and thus are more effective in reducing smoking prevalence. In contrast, ad valorem excises, all other things equal, lead to a greater spread in prices between cheaper and higher-priced cigarettes. This, in turn, leads to greater potential for switching to cheaper cigarettes when excise rates are increased. Keeping all low-priced cigarette on a specific regime is therefore key to the success of the proposed tax change. Ad valorem rates may encourage price wars, as the government shares in any price reduction.  [15]  In contrast, when the rate is specific, the amount of excise paid is not reduced when prices are cut.  [16]   Specific excises are also easier to administer because it is only necessary to determine the physical quantity of the product taxed, and not necessary to determine its value.  [17]   International experience suggests that ad valorem taxes may keep pace with inflation better than specific taxes, even specific taxes that are adjusted fairly frequently, and because of this, some experts favor ad valorem excises. To avoid this problem, specific excises should be adjusted each year automatically (i.e., by an administrative order, which does not require a decision by an executive agency or approval by a legislative body). Pernicious effect of the second tier Since the three-tier scheme was adopted in 2001, there have been annual adjustments, except in 2003 when inflation was quite low, to the first-tier specific rate and in the price brackets between the tiers (Table 4). In 2002, the large real increase in the specific rate and the bracket between the first and second tiers lowered the tax on mid-priced cigarettes, as explained further below. Since then, the annual adjustments until 2008 have lagged the increase in the CPI, which has reduced the inflation-adjusted tax on low-priced cigarettes. In addition, the tax on mid-priced cigarettes continued to fall in nominal (and inflation-adjusted) terms. Table 4. Annual adjustments of the specific excise rate and brackets Date of Adjustment Prior Fiscal Year Increase in CPI (In Percent) Increase in the First-Tier Specific Rate (In Percent) Increase in Bracket between First and Second Tiers (In Percent) Increase in Bracket between the Second and Third Tiers (In Percent) June 2002 3.6 18.6 18.6 June 2003 1.9 June 2004 8.5 8.1 8.1 20.0 July 2005 8.7 7.9 7.9 8.3 June 2006 7.6 7.3 7.5 7.7 June 2007 7.0 6.5 6.5 7.1 June 2008 12.3 13.1 13.1 6.7 This approach to annually adjusting the excise schedule has the pernicious effect of reducing the tax on cigarettes in the mid-price range. This can be seen by comparing the excise tax per pack for 2007 and 2008 (Figure 4). When the bracket between the first and second tiers was increased to PKR 14.86, the 69 percent incremental rate applies to a smaller portion of the retail price. Therefore, the excise on cigarettes priced between PKR 14.86 and PKR 32.00 per pack was reduced. For example, the excise on Capstan, with a retail price before VAT of PKR  27.21 per pack, fell from PKR 15.31 to PKR 14.86 per pack.  [18]  There does not appear to be a sound tax policy or health policy reason for increasing the tax on low-priced cigarettes, lowering the tax on mid-price cigarettes, while leaving the tax on high-priced cigarettes unchanged. Figure 4. Tax per pack of 20 cigarettes, before and after the June 2008 changes to the excise tax on tobacco, with pre-June 2008 prices before VAT C. A Way Forward Proposed excise rates To reduce consumption, increase government revenue, and simplify the excise regime, Pakistan should return to a two-tier regime similar to what was abandoned in 2001. The specific excise would be increased to PKR 15.00 per pack of 20  cigarettes and the price bracket between the first and second tiers would be increased to PKR  28.00.  [19]  For cigarettes in the second tier, the excise tax would be 63 percent of the retail price before VAT. Going forward, the specific rate and the price bracket between the first and second tiers would be automatically indexed for inflation.  [20]  Under this proposal, over 80 percent of all cigarettes would be subject to the specific excise. Only the higher-priced cigarettes would be subject to the 63 percent ad valorem excise (Figure 5), allowing the government to tap some of the up-market value. Figure 5. Tax per pack in current and proposed tax regime for tobacco excise Administrative reforms As excise tax increases, some consumers will switch to non duty paid illicit cigarettes, most of which are manufactured domestically. Therefore, a strengthened tax administration is essential and it should accompany the reform program. The Federal Excise Act gives the FBR adequate powers to assess and collect excise taxes. However, the critical factor-political will to allow inspectors, with appropriate protection for their safety, to access and/or find suspected sites of illicit manufacturing-appears to be lacking.  [21]  In this respect, fully implementing the array of measures already included in the Federal Excise Act will be important to reap the full benefits of the tax increase, although scenario analyses in the appendices show that the effect of the proposed tax change on government revenue is robust to increased smuggling. D. Effects of the Proposal The proposal increases cigarette prices, reduces consumption, and increases government revenue. Price effect The incidence of excises and other indirect taxes is generally assumed to be shifted forward to consumers. Manufacturers will raise their prices to cover any increase in excises. Of course, manufacturers may increase prices by more than the tax increase  [22]  or less than the tax increase depending on competitive factors, and this possibility is discussed further in Appendix 1. The initial assumption is that prices will increase to fully pass through the tax increase. Table 5. Current price per pack and estimated new price per pack under proposed tax regime, assuming full pass-through of the tax increase to consumers*    Current pre-VAT price (PKR) New pre-VAT price (PKR) % Change Current excise tax per pack (PKR) New excise tax per pack (PKR) Embassy 14.86 23.40 57.5% 6.34 15.00 Morven 15.86 23.80 50.1% 7.03 15.00 Gold Flake 15.86 23.80 50.1% 7.03 15.00 Capstan 29.56 35.20 19.1% 16.48 22.18 Gold Leaf 42.24 42.24 0.0% 26.61 26.61 Other brands NA 23.40 NA 6.34 15.00 * The assumption of full pass-through implies that tobacco manufacturers increase prices to preserve their pre-tax revenues per pack. Some will argue that the excise on low-priced cigarettes must be kept low to protect the low-income consumers from spending more on tobacco. However, because the prevalence rate and ensuing burden of tobacco use is higher among low-income consumers and because these consumers are more sensitive to price, low-income consumers reap maximum benefit from higher taxes through reduced consumption. Savings are therefore generated not only through lower expenditures on tobacco itself but also on related conditions (e.g., hospitalization for cancer) and higher productivity. In addition, many countries also help low-income tobacco users through increased support to cessation programs and mass awareness campaigns that are often funded by higher taxes. In this regards, it is clear that governments have more effective ways of helping low-income consumers than providing cheap tobacco products. Although the proposal would result in a sharp increase in the price of cigarettes at the lower end of the market, cigarette prices would nevertheless remain significantly under the level of most countries in the world (Figure 6), and most notably well under the price of popular brands in India. Figure 6. Price of a pack of 20 cigarettes in various countries at purchasing power parity *,+ Source: WHO. Global Report on the tobacco Epidemic, 2008. The MPOWER package. World Health Organization. 2008 * All prices are converted to US dollars and adjusted for differences in affordability across countries, hence very high figures for India, for example. + All figures are based on 2006 data, except for Pakistan (after tax increase), which is based on a price of PKR 23.80, the price of Gold Flake under the proposed tax change. Consumption effect Raising the price of cigarettes relative to other products will encourage consumers to reduce their purchases of cigarettes. It may also encourage consumers to substitute non duty paid illicit cigarettes for duty paid cigarettes. How much consumption is reduced depends on the elasticity of demand,  [23]  which in low- and middle income countries varies widely, but is generally assumed to be around -0.8.  [24]  However, there are many reasons to believe that the elasticity of demand is very low in Pakistan. First, tobacco prices are low: a pack of Gold Flake costs PKR 114 in India and only PKR 18.40 in Pakistan (using the current exchange rate).  [25]  Second, the proposed price increase is significant and using a standard point elasticity is likely to overestimate the change in consumption in such a context. Last, comparable countries such as Egypt have price elasticities of around -0.4 or even lower.  [26]  For these reasons, Table 6 provides estimated changes in con sumption based on an elasticity of -0.4. Appendix 2 assesses the impact of changing the elasticity and of increased illicit consumption on these estimates.  [27]   Table 6. Impact of proposed tax regime on sales of cigarettes*    Forecasted sales for 2008/09 under current tax regime (million packs of 20 cig.)+ Estimated sales for 2008/09 under proposed tax regime (million packs of 20 cig.) % Change Embassy 248 191 -23.0% Morven 1,395 1,115 -20.0% Gold Flake 1,094 875 -20.0% Capstan 289 267 -7.6% Gold Leaf 349 349 0.0% Other brands 334 257 -23.0% Total 3,709 3,055 -17.6% * Assuming 5% growth from the 2007/08 production figures and a -0.4 price elasticity of demand. + Source: Pakistan Economic Survey (production) and Tobacco Merchants Association (market shares for 2006), authors calculation. Revenue effect Increasing excises on cigarettes would increase government excise revenue by almost 50%, compared to what would be collected under the current tax regime.  [28]  Most of the increase is generated by brands at the low-end of the market, because changes in tax per pack mostly occur at that level (Figure 5). This increase in revenue would raise the share of tobacco taxes in the GDP to 0.45%, the same level as in 1993-94, up from 0.28% in 2007-08.  [29]   Table 7. Impact of proposed tax regime on excise tax revenue from cigarettes    Forecasted revenue from tobacco excise tax for 2008/09 under current tax regime (million PKR) Estimated revenue from tobacco excise tax for 2008/09 under proposed tax regime (million PKR) % Change Embassy 1,575 2,871 82.2% Morven 9,804 16,729 70.6% Gold Flake 7,692 13,125 70.6% Capstan 4,768 5,926 24.3% Gold Leaf 9,278 9,272 -0.1% Other brands 2,116 3,856 82.2% Total 35,233 51,779 47.0% E. Conclusion A strong case can be made for increasing excises on cigarettes. First, cigarettes are inexpensive-the most popular brands cost PKR 18.40 per pack of 20 (USD 0.25). Second, per capita cigarette consumption has been growing, raising significant health concerns. Third, the current three-tier regime for excising cigarettes is complex and pernicious. The governments annual adjustment to the rates and brackets increases the excise payable on the low-priced brands but reduces the excise payable on mid-priced brands while leaving the excise payable on high-priced brands unchanged. There is neither a sound health policy reason nor a tax policy reason for this pattern of changes. Pakistan should return to a two-tier regime similar to what was abandoned in 2001. The specific excise would be increased to PKR 15.00 per pack of 20  cigarettes and the price bracket between the first and second tiers would be increased to PKR  28.00. For cigarettes in the second tier, the excise tax would be 63 percent of the retail price before VAT. Going forward, the specific rate and the bracket between the first and second tiers would be automatically indexed for inflation. Assuming the excise tax is fully passed through to consumers, adoption of this proposal will lead to a 50 percent increase in the price of the most popular brands. Consumption of cigarettes will decline by 18 percent, providing significant health benefits, and the governments revenue from cigarette excises will increase by 47 percent. The forecasted impact of the proposed change is robust to the assumptions used in the model regarding the pass through to consumers of the tax increase, as well as elasticity and the potential impact of smuggling, as demonstrated in Appendices 1 and 2. Appendix 1: Sensitivity analysis for pass-through of the tax increase to consumers How much of the new tax will be passed through to consumers by the tobacco manufacturers will determine the new market prices and therefore consumption levels, hence an impact on government revenue. The proposal assumes pass-through of 1, i.e., the entire tax increase is passed through to consumers in the form of higher prices. In this appendix, five more pass-through scenarios are assessed. It is first assumed that manufacturers cannot pass the entire tax increase to consumers, hence pass-through of 0.75 and 0.90. Next, it is assumed that manufacturers pass-through more than the tax increase, as was the case with Capstan in 2008. Three more pass-through are therefore tested: 1.10, 1.25, and 1.40. The impact on government revenue and consumption is calculated in Table A1.1 Table A1.1 Impact on consumption and government revenue of various pass-through scenarios* Pass-through Impact on consumption (%) Increase in government revenue from excise on cigarettes (%) 0.75 -13.2 53.4 0.90 -15.9 49.6 1.00 -17.6 47.0 1.10 -19.4 44.4 1.25 -22.1 40.5 1.40 -24.8 36.6 * The base case scenario is highlighted. The impact of the pass-through rate on consumption is quite limited, with a difference of 10 percentage points between the two extreme scenarios. The increase in government revenue also is not very sensitive to higher pass-through rate. The same applies to a less than unity pass-through rate, as the smaller reduction in price results in a smaller reduction in consumption than in t

Recommendations :: essays papers

Recommendations Advice is something given, usually freely, even when unasked for. There are so many well- meaning people in the world that want to give out pearls of wisdom, I am often inundated with ideas on all manner things. How to shop for a home; buy a car; apply for credit; deal with my love life, blah blah blah. The list seems to go on and on forever. Everyone has a better way of doing something, and it's almost enough to make me go crazy to have to listen to it all. However, there have been incredibly wise bits of knowledge passed on to me, that while I may not have understood them at the time, seem almost profound in hindsight. Three of these are, don't go around fighting; watch how I use credit; and finally, watch whom you trust. When I was in highschool, I was a skinny little kid; I was a natural target for bullies. As I got a little older, I learned to fight. My parents were happy that I was learning something that would help me physically, as well as with my confidence. Indeed, I no longer walked around like a victim; the problem was that I seemed to be looking for trouble. One day, as was sure to happen, I got into a fight. No one was hurt, but my parents still got involved. After an excruciatingly long lecture on how one stupid act could ruin my life, I was sent on my way. "Boy," I thought, "they sure don't have a clue about how life is today." Fortunately for me, I did listen, even though I didn't understand. The next month a saw a young man arrested for hitting someone. The fight started over a girl, and for hitting another person, the young man went to jail for five months. His career in law-enforcement was ruined before it even had a chance to start. Another wonderful bit of advice my parents gave me was in the usage of credit. "You can have too much credit. After awhile, it becomes a perpetual monster in your life." At the time I was only nineteen or so, with no idea of what interest charges were, and the thought of all the spending power I could have, just waiting for me to come apply was almost overwhelming. As soon as I was able, I got all the easy credit I was allowed to get on my way to the American dream.

Revenge In Hamlet Essay -- essays research papers

What do you consider to the main theme(s) of Hamlet? Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a complex play where many themes are intertwined – themes that are essential to the development of the play. The issue of death and disease, both physical and emotional is very prevalent throughout the duration of the play, as well as fate and divine providence. The play also questions madness and whether it can be feigned, as well as corruption and its moral implications. Of course, who could forget the famous ‘To be or not to be’ soliloquy, where Hamlet not only questions life and death, but many of life’s other uncertainties as well. Undoubtedly, the most essential theme in the development of Hamlet is revenge and question ‘Does revenge pay?’ Revenge is a frighteningly bloodthirsty emotion, which causes people to act blindly and without reason. Revenge is a theme that is cleverly built upon throughout the extent of the play; with it being the driving force behind two of the main characters in the play. The play is introduced by the appearance of the ghost of Hamlet’s father in the first scene, which automatically gives the impression that something is amiss. This is later clarified by the statement that â€Å"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark† (Act1 Scene 4 Line 90). The ghost emerges before Hamlet and insinuates that his death was not as nocent as it may seem. The ghost urges Hamlet to â€Å"Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (Act1 Scene 5 Line25) and informs him that â€Å"The serpent that did sting thy father’s life now wears his crown â€Å"(Act1 Scene5 Line 38). This appears to indicate that Hamlet’s father’s death was actually murder, and that the deed was committed by King Hamlet’s brother, Claudius, who had now taken over as King of Denmark. The Ghost taunts Hamlet, telling him that it is part of every man’s honour to avenge his death. Hamlet then becomes a part of Denmark’s foulness and wre tchedness when he agrees to avenge his father’s death. This is the beginning of a vicious cycle of hatred, death and revenge that destroys many lives. Soon after Claudius marries Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude, Hamlet feigns madness as a ploy to cover up his attempts to avenge his father’s death and to bring him closer to Claudius. One of the first things Hamlet does in his attempt to prove Claudius’ guilt is to have ‘The Mousetrap’ performed in court. ‘The Mousetrap recreates ... ...amned Dane, Drink off this potion. Is thy union here? Follow my mother.† Laertes dies, content that justice has been served and Hamlet himself dies soon after, his father’s death finally avenged. The obsession and need for revenge displayed by our two main characters eventually led them both to their downfall. Not only did it hurt themselves, but many others close to them. Ophelia’s death, for example could be blamed on Hamlet’s desire for revenge, whilst Hamlets death occurred as a result of Laertes quest to avenge his father’s death. Hopefully, it is easy to see why I believe that revenge is the core theme in Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Revenge shapes the entire plot of the play and could be blamed for corrupting Hamlet and Laertes, making them almost evil in their final intentions. Shakespeare highlights the moral implications of revenge, and how a person can be corrupted by their need for revenge. The age-old saying ‘An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth’ is outlined perfectly in Hamlet. You cannot receive a punch, return a punch and then all sit down together for a lovely dinner. The second that you retaliate, it starts a horrible chain that is almost impossible to break.

Science Vs Religion :: essays research papers

Science and religion cannot co-exist. What are your views on this? In the begining there was darkness. Then there was light. Then there was consciousness. Then there were questions and then there was religion. Why are we? Where do we come from? Why does the world and nature act as it does? What happens when we die. Religion tended to the answer to all these questions with the stories of gods and godesses and other supernatural forces that were beyond the understanding of humans. Where as science seems able to explain everything with prof and evidence right before your eyes. Science deals with subject matter and account for civilizations while religion is concered with the civilization, but looks at its spiritulisation and faith. As the scientists looks at the building, materials and whereas religion is not focusing on these physical components. This also gives birth to the question that whether science is able to explain all or whether religion is able to explain all aspects of life?science does seem to explain all. It is because of the fact that science has enabled humans to fly, explore the depths of the oceans,walk on the moon. It makes the life of humans easier than before with lots of facilities. Howerver, strong and almost perfect the view of science is in today's society it cannot cover the entire spectrum of the human experiences. Nor does it explain some of the striking similarities present in the various religions of the earth. There have been many clashes between religion and science in history. Some past leaders were used to imprisoned scientists. Now much has changed. People asks for the facts and figures, but spiritualisation, your character building is not the things provided by science. So, science and religion are different in the sense of facts and faith. These both are important for our lives, because you cannot write on walls without pens and brains.

Antz Movie – Sociology

ANTZ 1. Define social class. Name at least two social classes depicted in the movie.  ·Social class: a defined set by social stratification where people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories  ·Social Classes in ANTZ i. Worker ants ii. Soldier ants iii. Royal ants 2. Who make up the underclass in the ant colony?  ·The underclass in the ant colony is considered to be the worker ants. 3. Give one example of social mobility in the movie. An example of social mobility in the movie is when â€Å"Z† and his friend, Weaver the soldier, switch jobs before the royal review. This change can be though of as vertical mobility since â€Å"Z’s† rank is considered to be upward and Weaver’s downward. 4. What does the term â€Å"life chances† mean? What are the life chances of the ants in the movie?  ·A life chance is the likeliness of obtaining and maintaining the material and nonmaterial things in life. According to the book, life chances decreased as social class level declines.In the movie, the royal ants appeared to eat the good of the land, while the worker ants moved the good of the land or earth. 5. Define class consciousness. Give one example of class consciousness depicted in the movie.  ·Class consciousness: Awareness of one's place in a system of social classes as it relates to the class struggle.  ·There are several instances where the ants become class conscious. The scene where â€Å"Z† is talking to Aztec shows that they understand what class they are in, but choose to take different outlooks on it.The fighting scene in the bar where the worker ants fight against the soldiers is also another instance. 6. Define false consciousness. Give one example of false consciousness depicted in the movie.  ·False consciousness is depicted in the movie when the worker ants accept what the General Mandible says when he break up the rallies that emerged after â€Å"Z† kidnaps the princess. Through out the movie a dominant ant gave orders to worker ants and they accepted them, which is what false consciousness is; the acceptance of the dominant ideology. . Define lifestyle. What are the lifestyle differences of the ants in the movie?  ·Lifestyle: the differences in the way people live among social classes  ·In the movie the perspective of what other ants did weren’t always correct. In the movie â€Å"Z† believed that the princess had no real labor to do while he had tons of earth to move daily. The biggest lifestyle difference in the movie is probably behavior and an understanding of who one is. 8. Is the ant colony a caste system? If yes, explain how. In the movie ANTZ there is a scene where the antlings are assigned worker or soldier. Because of that scene it is safe to say yes, the ant colony is caste system. 9. Use one of the sociological perspectives to explain the stratification as depicted in the movie.  ·The functionalist perspective seems to fit wi th the movie because each aspect of the ant’s colony is interdependent and contributes to their colony's functioning as a whole. 10. How does the movie ANTZ relate to social stratification? In the movie we were introduced to ants as workers, soldiers, and royalty. They all had a meaningful purpose, but were viewed differently among the social classes. No matter who was upper or lower the ants couldn’t survive if everyone wasn’t accounted for and active. It is their acting like a colony that they survive in this movie. This is the same with social stratification. Social Stratification can be viewed as functional for the social order because it motivates people to undertake all the jobs necessary for the society to survive.

Saatchi Nine

Saatchi Gallery is now hosting an Art Showdown, which is an online competitive event that allows artists to upload images of their work and make them available to an online voting audience. Those who would like to enter must be registered members of Saatchi online or of the Stuart Artist group. However, registration is easy, free, and readily available on the site. Once registered, Showdown accepts one image from each artist every period beginning on Monday at 9 a. m. until the following Sunday evening at 6 p. m. —a one-week period. During the time the work is uploaded to the site, all visitors will be free to view and vote on the quality of the work. Each visitor is permitted only one vote for each work, but may vote on as many works as is preferred. The voting is done on a scale of one (1) to ten (10). Once the scores are tallied for the first week in each period, the two artists with the highest scores are given the chance to compete against each other for additional votes for the period of another week. These two remaining artists go head to head, vying for a chance to enter for the final prize of   1000. The competition continues for twelve rounds, after each of which, one winner is selected. The final knock out round has the twelve finalists going head to head in a bid for the ?1000 prize, yet Saatchi’s support does not end there. This coveted prize will not be the only benefit of the competition, as the runner up is also granted the sum of ?750. And even further benefits exist, as all the artists who enter gain the exposure that comes with having your work viewed on the site that welcomes thousands of visitors on a regular basis. Street Art The Saatchi Art Gallery caters to artists of all kinds, and evidence of this exists in its commitment to the work of street artists. The gallery accepts work from a wide range of non-traditional artists, such as tattoo and graffiti artists, mural painters, performers, and others who discover unknown or unrecognized pieces. Saatchi allows these artists to upload their work in the form of photos or even videos—any or all the methods that capture the true essence of the meaning and conceptualization they would like to convey. The use of the video-upload feature is particularly convenient for performing artists, who are also encouraged to promote their work on the Saatchi Gallery Site. This features is open even to street dancers, many of whom the gallery recognises as having attained a remarkable level of proficiency at their art despite the lack of formal training. Artists ready to upload are encouraged to register on the site for a free membership, which gives them all the privileges that Saatchi members worldwide possess. However, those who prefer to are also allowed to register as visitors and still gain the benefit of having their works displayed on the international artistic website. When art files are uploaded, visitors to the site are able not only to view the works, but also to select their ten favourites, which are ultimately showcased in a special area on the site. The exposure that this Saatchi Gallery facility affords to young street artists is immeasurable, as the gallery makes these works available to millions of viewers around the world. This considerably broadens the artistic scope of these street artists and ultimately brightens their prospects. Photography The Saatchi Gallery’s artistic versatility dictates its open attitude toward art, and this attitude is present in its welcoming posture toward the work of photographers around the world. The gallery opens its doors to photographers who have been widely unrecognised in their circles and provides a source of promotion and exposure to these young, talented persons. This offer is inclusive of photo artists from countries all around the world. At Saatchi Online, artistic photographers are encouraged to upload their photographs and place them on display for the millions of potential art enthusiasts on the internet. Images must be uploaded as jpg files and the sizes of these files should be below 2MB. This opportunity given free of charge by Saatchi not only allows these photographers to increase their standing as renowned artists, but it also allows them to enter into the professional artistic realm by making (or arranging for) commission-free online sales. Photographers are also free to create their own profile package online. Therefore, not only do viewers and potential buyers get the chance to review a wide range of their works (as many as eight pieces are accepted), but they are also able to offer the public significant information about themselves and their art. In addition to the services mentioned, Saatchi also allows the photographers to get messages from those interested in their art—such as viewers, fellow photographers, and even potential buyers. Therefore, this improves the artists’ ability to network in this scene where fellow artists, a potential source of inspiration, may be difficult to find. The Saatchi service to photographers may therefore be considered an ultimate method of artist promotion. Museum Saatchi Gallery represents the one of the world’s most modern museums of art and is a refreshing addition as one that was made specifically for those who enjoy art in all its styles and types. It caters to the desires and needs of a wide range of art lovers, from students needing to be exposed to the different genres represented in art to young artists needing a place to exhibit their work. It aids in the development of young talent and deepens (formal and informal) students’ appreciation of the contemporary aesthetic depicted in the work and ideologies of contemporary artists. Yet, the museum also extends its influence and aid into the realm of non-traditional art, such as fashion designing and the performing arts. In fact, these artists are supported not just in procuring them an audience for their work, but also in facilitating the purchase of art pieces via the Saatchi interface, which eliminates the middle-man and renders the compensation over to the appropriate artist commission free. The resources available on the Saatchi website are many, as it houses the Stuart Museum that is specifically designated for student artists or recent graduates as a place where they are free to upload their work for public viewing, critiquing, and feedback. Saatchi Gallery’s gift to the artistic public is valuable in that it offers a new generation of artists and art lovers access to the cutting edge of creativity. However, it allows for the personal and professional growth of the young artist too, by giving them the opportunity to interact with the public in colloquy, conference, as well as business settings. Therefore, through the resources provided by this gallery, students become more cultured in their exposure to contemporary art, and young creative people gain valuable, professional skills that will last them a lifetime. Colleges and universities will find the Saatchi Gallery a very valuable resource to boost the appreciation and renown of their art, fashion and performing arts departments. Saatchi caters to these institutions on an international scale, and provides them the impetus and exposure they need in order to present their departments to the public as a progressive arm of the institution. The Saatchi Gallery caters specifically to the effort to market these institutions by welcoming posts and sample work from the students and faculty, allowing these parties to showcase their work on the internationally recognised website. Representatives of each university are empowered to upload material in the form of photos, videos or scanned art work to the site as a method of drawing attention to the abilities of their students and the expertise of the faculty that grooms them. On the Saatchi Gallery website, colleges and universities have the freedom to highlight the achievements of their faculty members as well as the unique talents of their students. Yet they may also offer descriptions of their artistic programs, give information about their institutions’ location, and even provide links to their websites. The gallery is a supreme marketing tool because it provides a hub to which thousands of prospective students (and other persons interested in art) come to do research and locate educational institutions in which they may be groomed in the arts. It also provides critics with a method of gauging the artistic talents of a wide range of students without the need to travel, and therefore may afford your institution the recognition it would not otherwise have had. It also gives colleges and universities the chance of being recognised in an international gallery without incurring any expenses—as registration on the Saatchi Gallery’s site is always free of charge. Gallery The Saatchi Gallery is an international collection of the works by artists ranging from amateur to professional levels, and it is an indispensable resource both to the user who is serious about the study of art and to the casual art lover. To the serious student of the arts, it provides a wealth of information about contemporary art techniques, artists, and the direction in which art is and has been moving. The gallery hosts the work of hundreds of artists in and around the United Kingdom as well as across the world. It especially caters to the works of new artists and of those seasoned artists whose works have gained little or no attention in the past, providing insight into their techniques and inspirations. Ultimately, as a result of their exhibition of their work in the Saatchi Gallery, many of these new artists are offered the opportunity to conduct showings in galleries locally or internationally. The gallery’s new home, located at (PLACE ADDRESS HERE) is of a stylish and modern architectural design that heralds the museum-quality work of the artists hosted within. This twenty-year-old gallery has grown over the years to accommodate approximately 600,000 annual visitors and 1000 annual school visits. It collaborates with the media to facilitate and host a wide variety of shows that put even more effort into showcasing the work of these talented artists. These shows have benefited from the input of such media houses as The Evening Standard, The Observer, and Time Out. This has led to a vast increase in the viewing audience in Britain, around Europe, and even to increases in international visits. This is the kind of public awareness for which Saatchi regularly campaigns on behalf of the artists whose works are hosted within the gallery. It represents a truly contemporary, businesslike, and professional approach to art promotion that brings artists and viewers together in a productive fashion. Galleries The resource that the Saatchi Gallery provides to other art galleries around the world is invaluable. To those who own galleries and are highly interested in the contemporary art scene, the Saatchi Gallery provides the exposure and the information necessary to create and maintain a high profile gallery. Rather than compete with galleries around the world, Saatchi collaborates with them to provide them with international recognition on the global art market. The gallery allows other gallery directors to provide information about their art shop on the Saatchi website and also to provide links to their galleries via the Saatchi website. Since Saatchi caters to a growing international viewing audience of potentially millions of persons, all those viewers immediately become potential clients of the galleries that choose to be hosted on the Saatchi site. Saatchi hosts links to the most prestigious galleries around the world, and facilitates the creation of sub-galleries for schools, colleges, and other artistic institutions. In fact, it caters to a wide variety of schools (primary to university level) and to the public at large, so that its collection is the largest available on the internet. Being a gallery itself, Saatchi also hosts the works of individual artists. The Stuart Museum, for instance, is a gallery hosted under the aegis of the Saatchi brand, which houses the work of students and recent graduates of artistic colleges and universities. Plus, Saatchi takes it one step further than brick-and-mortar art galleries by allowing artists to sell their work online free of commission. The gallery is therefore a large and all-inclusive contemporary art hub that provides the viewing public with a link to the widest variety of art and art galleries that currently exists on the internet. Chat Live Interaction becomes easier now on the Saatchi Gallery website, as the site’s interface allows for real-time conversation between artists and their viewers. Saatchi uses an instant messaging feature that facilitates interaction between art lovers and their favourite artists through its Chat Live feature, and this occurs in a manner that encourages the artistic collaboration of the art community. Artists from a variety of backgrounds and even in different nations can meet one-on-one with those persons who appreciate their work and gain live feedback and critiques of their art. The Chat Live feature also allows for discussion of artistic themes that have the potential to lead to a deeper public understanding of the concepts embedded within the works of art displayed in the Saatchi online gallery. Saatchi even allows group chats, and access to the chat feature and chat rooms can be obtained via a very brief registration formality accessible at http://www. aatchi-gallery. co. uk/chatlive/. This Chat Live feature is useful beyond its ability to bring art lovers together for leisure and collaborative purposes. It also presents a valuable marketing tool to those persons who want to gain direct and specific feedback concerning the interests of real people who love and follow art. Representatives of galleries and museums may register or sign in as guests to gain access to the ideas a nd suggestions of the large viewing and membership audience on the Saatchi website. They may also use the resource to plan and promote artistic events. Members of the press or other interested persons may also sign in to conduct formal or informal interviews of artists in an effort to promote the love and continued creation of art as a whole. The endless possibilities that exist with this invaluable Chat Live tool made available on the Saatchi website will no doubt facilitate the production of beautiful art for future generations. Portfolio The Saatchi Gallery online portfolio is a special resource provided to schools at the primary and high levels that are interested in boosting the confidence and promoting the talents of their artistically inclined students. The art teacher or the school’s artistic representative is given the opportunity to create detailed profiles for their schools and thereby to promote the artistic endeavours of the school as evidence of the school’s diverse educational curriculum. Along with the school’s profile, the portfolio allows institution representatives to call attention to the work of its talented students by uploading samples of these works along with biographical profiles of the students responsible for the pieces. The institutions are also encouraged to upload notices and descriptions of upcoming and past artistic events that demonstrate the school’s commitment to the arts. The Saatchi Portfolio is therefore a strong marketing tool that promotes the educational institution on a grand artistic scale. However, the Saatchi Gallery goes further to promote and encourage the talent of these young and promising artists. It puts on regular competitions that generate prizes of great value to the future career of these individuals. Winners and runners up are given cash for use in purchasing art supplies, including computers, to enhance their potential as artists. The winning schools are also given monetary compensation to be used to equip their art departments, making them more conducive to the learning and practice of art. The Saatchi portfolio resource is performed as a community service gesture whose purpose is to return benefits to the institutions that gave many successful artists support in the past. The Portfolio also exists to secure the future of art by encouraging the youth in artistic endeavours.

Western Civilization Reflection Paper # 5

How did the rulers of early medieval Europe like Charlemagne, Otto of Saxony, Alfred the Great, and William the Conqueror set certain precedents for their emerging nations? Well for starters, Charlemagne did bring a whole lot to the table. The only significant thing I got out of him was the fact that he split his empire into â€Å"countries†, with a total of 300 counts watching those territories. Otto brought his German self, and conquered all of the â€Å"Holy Roman Empire†. He starts the election process.Otto gets recognized by the Byzantines and Constantine, and then finally the pope recognizes him as well. That in and of its self shows that Otto was a legit ruler! Alfred has to survive in bog-like territory for a while. He was bookish, literate, big reader, fairly religious, and an effective warrior using guerilla warfare tactics. He finally takes back his kingdom and is recognized as the first official King of England. It shows that he was able to tough it out, and was a strong ruler when he took back his kingdom.Edward was eccentric, and obsessed with death. He also did not sire any sons or daughters. He builds the first cathedral, which is located in Westminster. Got to love dudes that are eccentric! He actually reminds me of Dumbledore from Harry Potter. ? William was tall, over 6 feet. William got stuff done, and didn’t take no nonsense from no one. That is where he got his boring yet ruthless reputation. William ends up battling for England, and wins which is no surprise. William ends up creating a good system of which the government ran.

Tk Max Facts

TK Maxx TK Maxx is a relatively new arrival in the UK. Their parent company TJ Maxx have been operating in the United States since 1976 and the first UK store was opened in 1994. The company was renamed TK Maxx in the UK in order to avoid confusion with TJ Hughes. Its business model is that of an â€Å"off-price† department store, which means that it will buy excess stock from major department stores and other sources and sell it at discounted prices.Naturally TK Maxx can also benefit from the global buying power of their US parent company. The value clothing market has grown strongly in recent years and companies like TK Maxx, Primark and Matalan have all seen substantial growth in recent years. Some commentators feel that as discounters, they are equally well placed to take advantage of any reduction in consumer spending which may result from measures taken by the incoming government to reduce the budget deficit.They stock a wide range of designer brands at discount prices a nd their products appeal mainly to buyers in the 18-35 age group. Even so, some feel that the company has moved a little way upmarket to try and challenge some more traditional retailers such as NEXT, and many stores have been refurbished while some much larger ones have opened in a department store format. In addition, six Littlewoods stores were acquired in 2004. The rise of TK Maxx in the UK has not however been without problems.Hackers stole information of approximately 45 million payment cards from used by customers in the UK, United States, Puerto Rico and Ireland. The hacking started in 2005 and data on transactions conducted between 2002 and 2005 was accessed. The effect of this theft on UK customer has at least been mitigated by the introduction of chip and pin technology. In addition TK Maxx was blocked from moving into a store vacated by Zavvi in the Regent Street area of London.The reason was apparently that the owners of the property felt that the area was inappropriate for the TK Maxx brand. However, generally speaking TK Maxx has been a success story in the UK and a further sales channel was introduced in 2009 with the introduction of online shopping.Selected financial Information 31/01/1031/01/200931/01/200831/01/200731/01/2006 Turnover 1,194,3121,122,1971,028,248945,311788,447 Profit before tax78,29348,87836,40535,72223,786 ROCE25. 5819. 8817. 3619. 8412. 77 Employees 13,37913,27713,23512,71911,127

Critically assess Jack Donnellys claim that human rights have become a Essay

Critically assess Jack Donnellys claim that human rights have become a hegemonic political discourse, or what Mervyn Frost calls settled norms of contemporary international society' - Essay Example The basic human rights of millions of people around the globe continue to be exploited.3 According to Jack Donnelly, human rights have become a hegemonic political discourse. Based on this assertion, human rights have been diluted with extensive political interferences. Additionally, this statement underlines that the powerful nations are increasingly dictating on the nature of human rights within the poor countries in the developing world.4 This perspective undermines the very goal of human rights-to promote equality and freedom among people from all walks of life. There are numerous perspectives towards the framework of human rights. Racial discrimination is among the most notable dimensions of human rights. This is epitomized by famous human rights activists like Martin Luther King Jr. His contribution towards the cause of human rights remains even today. His ideologies towards human rights have greatly contributed towards making the modern society increasingly equal. Despite the efforts of such people, powerful nations continue to influence other countries on the di rection that is supposedly acceptable for human rights. For instance, the extensive fighting in the Middle-East region over the past decades is a notable dimension of how human rights have become a hegemonic political disburse. Hundreds of thousands have been killed in these fights. In essence, the fighting has been largely triggered by political factors such as clamour for power and dominance. In view of these kinds of aspects, it is extremely pertinent to evaluate Jack Donnelly’s claim about the development of human rights as a hegemonic political discourse. This research narrows down on these perspectives while also evaluating the distinctive dimensions of human rights in the modern world. Human rights comprise of numerous dimensions. Within some contexts, human rights might refer to the prevention of any aspect of human exploitation. Within this context, human rights seek to protect

The Awakening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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