Psychology For Social Care Practice Essay Example for Free

Psychology For kind Cargon Practice EssayThis essay will demonstrate my understanding of developments which occur at each stage of an individuals liveness cycle. I will relate these developments to two relevant psychological theories and discuss how an individuals inevitably must be met to enable them to develop. The human intent cycle give the axe be broken down into 5 basic stages (Bingham et al. 2009)Infancy 0-2 yearsChildhood 2-12 yearsAdolescence 12-21 yearsAdulthood 21-65 yearsOlder Adulthood 65+ yearsDuring each stage of the life cycle, different physical, emotional, cognitive, social and cultural developments occur In early childhood, physical changes include learning to sit up, crawl and crack independently. At this stage, the baby will depart to look for attention from another(prenominal)s and seek affection and write out. Infants are able to interact with others by smiling/laughing and crying, and begin to form attachments to main care givers such as f amily members from around 6 months. Fine motor skills and communication skills (understanding and formation of words) develop rapidly in infancy and individuals will get going used to the routines and norms of those around them. In childhood, physical development extends to skills in balance and control over the frame. Emotionally, the child will continue to chant bonds with primary care givers and social development will move on to interactive play and forming friendships. Language and expression develop further and the child shows a capacity to learn new information and skills as hygienic as learning about(predicate) and conforming to social and cultural norms.The body begins to change importantly in adolescence the individual will go through puberty. An adolescent will be more self aware than in childhood and will become detached from primary care givers, instead preferring to form closer relationships with friends and peers. The individual will form stronger affiliations to certain cultural and sub-cultural norms and will express these through individualised appearance, partaking in activities and choosing certain peer groups. In early maturity, the individual will reach a peak of physical fitness which they will thereafter gift to work at to maintain. More physical demands are made on the body such as childbearing, work and aging. Emotionally, a personin maturity date will fork out established a role possibly in their place of work, or at home as a parent- how effectively they gormandize their role displace effect self take to be. Social development can become limited to those with similar careers or interests and can be hindered by other responsibilities such as work and family commitments. Older adults may experience a decline in physical fitness eyesight may deteriorate and the body may become weaker.Some individuals may remain fairly fit well into former(a) adulthood and nigh may arise that physical fitness can deteriorate rapidly. O lder adulthood can be isolating and integritys self image can be altered through changing of roles eg. retirement. Socially, some find a signified of freedom in being able to leave work behind and live, others lose a sense of purpose and find that their world may become smaller and more family focused. Older adults will fill a well established perception of themselves and what they find acceptable as part of their culture. For this essay I have used Mrs. Oswald as a case study. Mrs. Oswald is a resident at Thorneycroft residential care home for older people. She has been a resident at Thorneycroft for six months and at ninety-five years old, is in the final stage of development as detailed in the life cycle breakdown above. Mrs. Oswald is relatively able bodied, she is able to bathe herself but requires help getting in and out of the bath.She is able to move around independently, she does have a tripod to help her with this but she doesnt tend to use it. She is prone to falling over and has fallen fifteen times since moving to Thorneycroft, this is not helped by her insomnia which leaves her energetic at night so she ends up wandering around unattended. Mrs. Oswald is hard of hearing and requires a hearing aid but her eyesight is good when habiliment her glasses. She has a good level of personal hygiene and walk outs pride in her appearance. Before coming to Thorneycroft she had home help who assisted her with household tasks such as cooking and housework and helped her with medication for her cellulitis. Mrs. Oswald was a accoucheuse for fifty years, she is well educated and enjoys sharing her knowledge and talking about her career. She keeps her mind active by reading the newspaper, doing crossword puzzles and playing dominoes when she goes to the day centre but it is possible that these activities are not stimulating enough for her. She is a little befuddled at times about her roles she behaves as though Thorneycroft staff are her employees and adop ts a matron-like attitude with them, which probablycrosses over from her role in her career as a midwife.She can be forgetful but does not have dementia and before moving to Thorneycroft was quite vulnerable as she sees the best in people and was being exploited by people doing odd jobs and coming in and out of her home. Mrs. Oswald appears to be content on the surface, she has started to accept death and dialog about it openly. Her remaining family all live some distance away in England but she looks forward to a phonecall from her cousin each evening and seems to take comfort in speaking to him, appearing more settled after their conversations. She has outlived her close family husband and daughters and appears lonely. Mrs. Oswald doesnt talk much about her husband an daughters the way she does about her career, it is possible that talking about them makes her feel sad. As before, Mrs. Oswald has not made friends with other residents of Thorneycroft, though she has made a few fr iends at the daycentre. She likes to talk and could be encouraged to mix more which would help with her feelings of loneliness, she never had friends or visitors at home before she came to Thorneycroft as her family all live far away and lone(prenominal) visit to attend review meetings every six months.She has not formed close relationships with staff at Thorneycroft, instead, as mentioned before she treats them as her employees. Mrs. Oswald is an articulate and well spoken individual who has come from a middle class background. She appears to be well educated and has had a winning career as a midwife spanning fifty years. She had her daughters when she was young and out of wedlock, as a result they were brought up by her mother and Mrs. Oswald left at sixteen to begin her training as a midwife. Her career was important to her and she concentrated on this, not having any more children and marrying late in life.Her middle class upbringing has followed her through life, and she mut ed takes pride in her appearance and has a strong sense of what she believes to be proper. Her husband and her enjoyed going on cruises and she is well- travelled. She does not attend church services or appear to be religious at all. In order for them to progress successfully through each stage in the life cycle, an individuals needs at each stage must be met. For example, our most basic physical needs are shelter and nourishment, if these needs are not met in the infant stage, potential for development and progression into childhood will be threatened. For each aspect of development, certain needs must be metPhysical The body must be kept fit and healthy through nourishment, shelter from the elements and the cold, excercise and rest. Emotional The need to be loved and to feel love for others. Good self esteem can be established from feeling loved and wanted by others. Social Being able to interact and build relationships with people around you. cognitive The need for opportuni ties to learn and develop knowledge and keep the mind active. Cultural Having your values, religion, diet, language etc.(norms) as part of your daily life. In order for me to understand the needs of Mrs. Oswald and to what extent her needs have been met throughout her life, I examined Erik Eriksons theory of eight psychosocial stages. Erikson believed that humans develop through eight predetermined stages (a detailed table of these can be found in appendix 1) and in order to progress successfully through life, we must successfully negotiate each stage and that sorrow to do so results in mental deficiencies such as lack of trust, which will remain with us throughout life (Collin et al., p. 273).Each stage has one positive outcome and one negative outcome, and individuals progress through each life stage with a mixture of both, the differences between positive and negative being a result of the environment the individual is developing in. Mrs. Oswald, as an adolescent, would have ex perienced role confusion. She was from a middle class background but slash pregnant at a young age, resulting in her being hidden away and her mother raising her children as her own. It would have gone against Mrs. Oswalds role as a respectable young girl to have children at such a young age. She went off to train as a midwife at sixteen and left her family and her daughters behind. She concentrated on her career and appeared not to have any intimacy throughout young adulthood. This was resolved in mature adulthood when Mrs. Oswald got married and enjoyed the intimacy which she had missed out on in young adulthood. She never had any more children but her husband nd her appeared to have a happy life and they enjoyed travelling together. Mrs. Oswald is now in maturity and has begun to talk about death in an accepting way.Her needs may not have been met in the early stages of her life where she did not conform to her role in society and her life lacked intimacy, but later in life she had a successful and satisfying career and a happy marriage. I have used Abraham Maslows hierarchy of Needs (see appendix 2) to assess howMrs. Oswalds needs are being met now. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs starts at the basic physiological needs we need just to stay alive. Once these are made we have a need for safety, then we want love and affection. Within our group we want to have self esteem. Finally we have a need of satisfying our full potential that Maslow calls self-importance Actualization (Deeper Mind). Maslow believed that ones needs had to be met at each stage of the hierarchy before the needs at the next stage could be attended to. The first gear category in Maslows hierarchy refers to physiological needs. I believe that most of Mrs. Oswalds needs are being met at this level.She has plenty to eat and drink and since she is quick she has some level of excercise. She can have fresh air and she has warmth and shelter. However, Mrs. Oswalds need for sleep is not being met at Thorneycroft. She suffers from insomnia which is not helped by the occurrence that her bed is too small and therefore uncomfortable for her to sleep in. This has resulted in her being reluctant to settle in bed at night at all, so she is losing out on sleep. As a result of all her physiological needs not being met, all of Mrs. Oswalds safety needs are not being met either. Although she has shelter and security at Thorneycroft, the fact that she does not sleep has compromised her safety as she has a tendency to wander around at night time and is prone to falling as her mobility is not great.Mrs. Oswald appears sad that she has outlived her close family and her husband and doesnt speak about them much. She does have some distant family whom she speaks with on the phone every night which brings her some comfort, but she remains distant with others and reluctant to form close relationships with staff or fellow residents. Her need for love and belonging has not been satisfied. In ord er for Mrs. Oswald to progress and reach self actualisation the care staff at Thorneycroft must work on the needs which are not being met. Getting her a bed which is comfortable for her to sleep in may help her to settle at night and tighten the risk of a fall. She could be encouraged to mix more with fellow residents and form closer relationships with them as well as staff. This will help with Mrs. Oswalds sense of love and belonging and boost her self-esteem which will help her to reach self actualisation.ReferencesBBC (2014) BBC News Magazine. Online Available from http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23902918 Accessed 13/11/2014 BINGHAM, E. et al (2009) HNC Social Care for Scotland. 12th Ed. Essex Heinemann. COLLIN, C. et al (2012) The Psychology Book. London DK London. MACLEOD, S. (2011) Simply Psychology. Online Available form http//www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html Accessed 11/11/2014. NORWOOD, G. (2014) Deeper Mind. Online Available from http//www.deepermind.com/20mas low.htm Accessed 11/11/2014

Financial Reporting Problem Essay Example for Free

Financial Reporting Problem EssayAbstractIn this paper we will discuss Walmarts Balance sheet and Income Statement. We will analyze the caller-outs summarise assets at the end of the most recent annual reporting year and to why it is important. We then will talk about the companys congeries assets, how much cash in and cash alikes did the company have, as well as, the keep down of accounts collectible at the most recent year, and from the previous year. What the companys net revenues are from the last three annual reporting stopovers, the change in dollars in the companys net income from the most recent annual reporting period to the previous annual reporting period. We will talk about the companys total assets at the end of the most recent year and the previous year from the annual reporting period. Lastly, we will discuss as to what training that has been obtained within this paper that would be important to a potential investor, employee and so forth.Financial Report ing Problem, Part 1Total AssetsThe total assets for Wal-Mart as of January 31, 2013 were $203,105,000. The argue this is important for a company or business to agnise, is so the business whoremaster have a better understanding of how much the company is worth. designed how much a company is worth is beneficial because the assets can be used as collateral for a give. Also knowing the assets and comparing total assets to previous years can show if a company is growing and expanding or shrinking. For Wal-Mart, the comparison from the previous year shows that the total assets change magnituded. As of January 31, 2012 the company showed total assets of $193,406,000. With the comparison from January 31, 2012 to the current figure from January 31, 2013 Wal-Mart grew and/or expanded in total assets by 9,699,000.Cash and Cash EquivalentThe total cash and cash resembling for the end of the year for Wal-Mart as of January 31, 2013 is 7,781,000. Knowing the total cash and cash equivalent will help the company to know how much the company has to spend. No organization has the intention of spending more money then what the company has available. If a company has very low cash or cash equivalent then the company will need to consider if a loan is needed. In consideration for a loan total expenses needs to be considered. If a company like Wal-Mart has enough cash to repair all expenses then a loan isnt needed, but if the expense exceeds the cash then a loan is needed. Also another factor to consider on getting a loan is if the money coming into the company will be enough to pay the loan back.Accounts PayableThe accounts payable for the end of the most recent annual reporting period that ended January 31, 2013 is 1,061,000. Knowing the accounts payable helps a company to know one of the companies expenses. This is important because if the companies accounts payable are soaringer than the money coming in, that could be a problem for the business. Comparing to previous years accounts payable can show many different problems or benefits for the business.Net RevenuesWalmart Inc. net revenues from the last three annual reporting periods are as follows On January 31st, 2011 in the amount of $421,849,000. On January 31st, 2012 the net revenues were $446,950,000 and on January 31st, 2013 it totaled to the amount of $469,162,000. From looking at the reports Walmart Inc. has had an increased from 2011 to 2012 in the amount of $25,101,000 and from 2012 to 2013 has increased to $22,212,000. Net Revenue helps account for sure price reductions, adjustments and refunds. This is necessary to get the general measure of the real top line rather than the bottom line.Net IncomeLooking at Walmarts income contention from the net income of 2013 on January 31st it totaled in $16,999,000. The change from 2012 and 2013 is a increase in $1,300,000. The net income from 2012 is $15,699,000. From looking at the statement and seeing that in that location is a loss due to n onredeemable and redeemable non-controlling interest the company has lost net income by 16,998,000 within 2013 but in 2012 only had a 609,000 difference, and in 2011 had a 1,289,000 difference from 2013. When it comes to Net Income it is closely followed and play a huge role in ratio analysis. Shareholders take a close look at the net income due to their compensation of the company. If a business is not generating enough profit, the values of shares fall. It is important to know that net income does not measure to how much cash a company has earned during a given period.Change in Dollars of Net IncomeThe change in dollars of Walmarts net income from 2013 is 16,999,000 and from 2012 it is only a million dollar difference of 15,999,000.Total Assets in Recent Year from Annual ReportingWal-Mart has reported its accounting period for fiscal year 2013 accounting period ends on January 31st of each year. Wal-Marts current total of assets as of fiscal year 2013 is $203,105,000.00. Wal-Mart continues to grow in consecutive years with an average increase in assets of $10,000,000 dollars a year for the past five years. The earnings per share have increased 10.6 percent increasing their shares to $5.02. The company has made earnings in addition of $22 billion make it a $ 466 billion dollar corporation. It is with no doubt that the success of the corporation continues on the rise. The corporation owns 4,000 locations in the unite States alone adding $10 billion alone in net sales. Further from generating income and investing in growth and assets Wal-Mart has always researched and invested in ways to reduce expenses and run costs. Strategies such as training front line and middle managers in operational cost reductions and implementing sales and inventory systems have greatly reduced operating costs in the current successful years.Total Assets from Previous Annual ReportIn fiscal year 2012, Wal-Mart had a total of earning of $15.8 billionwith a closing total of net sale s of $443.9 billion. Since 1992 Wal-Mart has made and increased a total net worth of sales of $400 billion dollars. The corporation dodge for 2012 was to continue to invest in growth and re-enforce in what separates them from their competitors, their low incomparable low merchandise prices. A very unique idea that required greater investments and growth was that of creating a merchandise corporation to the public that provided a one stop be all shopping store. The corporation concentrated in providing its customers a broad assortment of merchandise which provided customers in a sense a time saving tool in a high tempo behavior style generation. Wal-Marts obvious and epic success of how effective and efficient their corporation strategies are. In addition Wal-Mart continues to re-invest in its online market and expanding its online strategy.Important InformationWal-Mart genuine a total of $332 million in common stock in the year of 2013 alone. In 2012 Wal-Mart returned dividends to its investors worth $60 billion in shares. A high number of their investors are Wal-Mart associates averaging an increased percentage of stocks by the yearly. A yearly accounting period of accounting provides the corporations accounting state which in return provides transparency to its current investors and a corporate overview of potential new investors. Internally Wal-Mart benefits from these reports in projecting new investments. Strategic Management can bring how much can be reinvested while at the same time have oversight of how expenses, employee and associate management, and operating costs have to be considered earlier any over spending incurs. Overall an accounting report is essentially the backbone of a corporation. The accounting structure requires having a solid foundation in a corporation in order to have a successful business. Accounting is the measurement of how much a business fails or it is successful.Referenceshttp//c46b2bcc0db5865f5a76-91c2ff8eba65983a1c33d367 b8503d02.r78.cf2.rackcdn.com/88/2d/4fdf67184a359fdef07b1c3f4732/2013-annual-report-for-walmart-stores-inc_130221024708579502.pdf

Reliability of Methylphenidate as a Cognitive Enhancer

Reliability of Methylphenidate as a Cognitive EnhancerMethylphenidate (amphetamine), an inhibitor which acts on the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems used in the treatment of worry deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), has been widely cited in Bioethicist literature as having the capability to improve cognitive ability in healthy individuals (Husain Mehta, 2011). Methylphenidate is widely used a wake promoting agent during training, in students to in the aim to increase their grades and in many academic professionals to maintain their performance. However, the effects of cognitive enhancement by methylphenidate are roughly modest and large amount of variability exists between individuals.In patients with ADHD methylphenidate drugs such as Ritalin, perform well promoting attention similarly, in healthy individuals an improvement is seen as Ritalin aids spatial working computer storage performance and improves executive functions in novel tasks (Mehta et al., 2000 Elliot et al., 1997). In the summary of the effects of Ritalin through PET scans Mehta et al., (2000) contributeed that methylphenidate induced a reduction of blood flow in the left and right dorsolateral anterior cortex, increase performance accuracy in spatial working memory tasks ( SWM) (Owen et al., 1996). SWM is localised in the pre window dressing cortex, where damage to this area will lead to impairment in SWM tasks (Murphy et al., 1996). This suggests the increase of optic attention and improvement on visual working memory tasks may be due to the selective modulation effects of methylphenidate on the parietal, frontal and extra striate occipital regions- a finding synonymous with early research into monkeys and monoaminergic modulation of cognitive functions (Bernardi et al., 1982). However, recent exploration into fMRI and DCM studies on the brain show noradrenergic systems can influence neuronal excitability in regions engaged in sensory processing and visuospatial attention, thus suggesting that perhaps methylphenidate is less specific and affects functional connectivity across the brain network (Grefkes, 2010).The neural mechanisms by which, methylphenidate effects are primarily evident in the systema nervosum centrale where the concentration of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain is caused by the blocking their reuptakes-thus increasing the expression of the dopamine transporter DAT and blocking of the monoamine transporter 2. By doing so reducing activity of monoamine oxidase and increasing the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase is inhibited (Fibiger et al., 1971). Where levels of DAT are high in ADHD patients, inducing Ritalin restores catecholamine and alters dopaminergic firing systems, subsequently reducing synaptic transmission on the D2 and D3 dopamine receptors (Goldstein et al., 2000). Thus dopamine levels would be reduced and normalise deficiencies and improve concentration. A clear example of this is shown in Volkow et al., (2012) , w here methylphenidate given orally blocks 60% of DAT sites whilst increasing dopamine concentrations in the striatum ( by 8% to 16%) reducing hyperactivity in in ADHD patients. However, in normal patients the intake of chalk could result in a DAT overexpression or hypo-dopaminergic activity and could possibly lead to enhanced cognition. Additionally, the prolonged use of methylphenidate could result in the downward regulation of dopamine D2 receptors and uptake sites, similar to the reinforcement effects in amphetamines like cocaine, emphasizing unbidden behaviour like gambling and hyper sexuality (Voltz, 2008 Cools.,2007). Additionally, hypodopemenergic activity within the basal ganglia could lead to involuntary movements (Dyskinesia)it is often difficult to test the neuro-enhancement in healthy individuals caused by methylphenidate. In general cognitive processes ace would subsume an enhancement would be on the emotional, motivational and cognitive functions within healthy ind ividuals. Unlike separate drugs such as AChEI (used in the treatment of the neurodegenerative disease Alzheimers) where Emre etal., (2004) and McKeith et al.,(2000) convey positive effects of AChEI on cognition and neuropsychiatric measures such as mood , anxiety and visual hallucinations- the use of methylphenidate conveys quite modest results on cognitive enhancement (Mehta et al., 2011). Although previous research by Rependatis (2010), found the use of methylphenidate increases memory, at that place was no consistent evidence to support a substantial effect. Additionally, though Mehta et al ., (2000) did convey that Ritalin did improve spatial working memory, a finding support by Elliot et al., (1997). However, in a recent analysis Mehta et al (2011) attributes previous findings to the variance of baseline ability. The plethora of research surround the effect of methylphenidate is by and large inconsistent and in that location is little evidence to suggest methylphenidate can be used as a cognitive enhancer. Contrariwise to popular belief, there has been evidence to suggest that methylphenidate could actually impair previous cognitive abilities (Schaaf et al.,, 2013 ). In exam the effects of Ritalin on reward and punishment learn in healthy students, Schaaf et al., (2013), conveyed that the effect of Ritalin on baseline spatial working memory tasks varied in terms of tasks and demand between individuals. Although, methylphenidate improved reward and punishment behaviour in high working memory subjects, it impaired those with low working memory . These inconsistent results may be partially due to the inverted U shape, whereby dopamine D1 antagonist can selectively modulate cognitive processes, such as SWM. Excessive levels of D1 in the prefrontal cortex can impair working memory (Vijayraghavan et al.,2007). However, adverse effects of methylphenidate can also been seen in repeated use ( Lapworth et al.,2009). Lapworth et al., (2009) suggest that methylp henidate is associated with hostility, aggression, and psychotic symptoms in repeated users, where the repeated use of methylphenidate increases positive psychotic symptoms that contribute to a perception of the environment as a opposed and threatening place as well as by increasing impulsivity.The reliability and validity of the aforementioned research comes into context when looking at the methods for testing the cognitive effects of methylphenidate on healthy individuals. A large body of research lacks substance and is largely inconclusive do to the variability in methods, additionally the generalizability attributed to methylphenidate be taken with a reasonable amount of judicious concern (Tucha O,2006) . So far there have been no super studied in normal subjects showing a fair effect of methylphenidate as a cognitive enhancer. A fundamental flaw in research is largely evident in a lack of standardized testing methods. For example, In ADHD patients there is a clear deficiency which one is able to target and improve to normalise baseline levels of hyperactivity however, in normal individuals there is no baseline. How one compare against a standard of enhancement when there does is no standard for which to compare. Additionally, when using methods such as SWM Its difficult to subsume that the change in cognition is due to methylphenidate rather than other cognitive processes. A researcher is yet to be able to pinpoint the source of effect as the brain involves a process of complex, interlinked networks. A incorrupt example of this exists in Mehta et al (2000) research to test the effects of methylphenidate. Participants were presented with a spatial working memory task, tested with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Automated Battery sort (CANTAB). Results showed the dependent variables like spatial memory were enhanced by the IV (Mehta et al 2001). However, in a later study Mehta et al (2011), attributed the findings to the effect sizes, where total rati ngs for the effect of ADHD are produced by caregiver and parent responses, thus they are not correct methods of analysis for cognitive effects rather they convey behavioural effects. Furthermore, the majority of research presented on methylphenidate does not fairly analyse the negative effects with inducing methylphenidate, instead Elliot et al., (1979) purely focus on the positive effects and do not report any negative side effects, thus resulting in a bias portrayal of the overall cognitive effects of methylphenidate. Moreover on further analysis of the literature it is also evident that there is a large disparity in the duration of the trials presented and the dosages of methylphenidate given. For instance Mehta et al.,(2000) uses almost 20 mg more than Elliot et al., (1979) and Reprantis et al., (2000).In a larger context the reliability of methylphenidate as a cognitive enhancers is somewhat limited due to a complete lack of evidence and dubious testing methods. Research would benefit from further analysis to improve standard baselines and methods of parity within pharmacology.ReferencesBernardi, G., Cherubini, E., Marciani, M.G., Mercuri, N., Stanzione, P. (1982) Responses of intracellularly recorded cortical neurons to the ionto-phoretic application of dopamine. Brain Res 245267274.Cools R (2007). Impulsive personality predicts dopamine-dependent changes in frontostriatal activity during component processes of working memory. J. Neurosci.2755065514.Emre, M., Aarsland, D., Albanese, A., Byrne, E. J., Deuschl, G., De Deyn, P. P., Lane, R. (2004). Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinsons disease. bare-assed England Journal of Medicine, 351(24), 2509-2518.Elliott, R., Sahakian, B. J., Matthews, K., Bannerjea, A., Rimmer, J., Robbins, T. W. (1997). Effects of methylphenidate on spatial working memory and planning in healthy young adults. Psychopharmacology, 131(2), 196-206.Fibiger, H. C., McGeer, E. G. (1971). Effect of acute and chronic me thamphetamine treatment on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in brain and adrenal medulla. European journal of pharmacology, 16(2), 176-180Gibbs A.A.(2007). The role of dopamine in attentional and memory biases for emotional information. Am. J. Psychiatry, 164 16031609.Goldstein, R. Z., Volkow, N. D. (2002). drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(10), 1642-1652.Husain, M. Mehta, M.A. (2011). Cognitive enhancement by drugs in health and disease Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15, 28-36.Lapworth, K., Dawe, S., Davis, P., Kavanagh, D., Young, R., Saunders, J. (2009). Impulsivity and positive psychotic symptoms influence hostility in methamphetamine users. Addictive behaviors, 34(4), 380-385.Mehta, M. A., Owen, A. M., Sahakian, B. J., Mavaddat, N., Pickard, J. D., Robbins, T. W. (2000). Methylphenidate enhances working memory by modulating discrete frontal and parietal lob e regions in the human brain. J Neurosci, 20(6).McKeith, I., Del Ser, T., Spano, P., Emre, M., Wesnes, K., Anand R.(2000). Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet f Vol. 356, issue 9247 20316Owen A.M., Evans A.C., Petrides, M. (1996) Evidence for a two-stage model of spatial working memory processing within lateral frontal cortex a positron emission tomography Study. Cereb Cortex 63138.Repantis, D. (2010) Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals a systematic review. Pharmacol. Res. 62187206.Tucha O. Methylphenidate-induced improvements of various measures of attention in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.(2006) J. Neural. Transm. 11315751592van der Schaaf, M. E., Fallon, S. J., ter Huurne, N., Buitelaar, J., Cools, R. (2013). Working memory capacity predicts effects of methylphenidate on reversal learning. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(10), 2011 -2018.Vijayraghavan, S., Wang, M., Birnbaum, S. G., Williams, G. V., Arnsten, A. F. (2007). Inverted-U dopamine D1 receptor actions on prefrontal neurons engaged in working memory. Nature neuroscience, 10(3), 376-384.Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Tomasi, D., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Swanson, J. M. (2012). Methylphenidate-elicited dopamine increases in ventral striatum are associated with long-term symptom improvement in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(3), 841-849.Volz, T. J. (2008). Neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of methylphenidate. Current neuropharmacology, 6(4), 379.

Future Of The Banking Sector

Future Of The Banking SectorOnline banking has been shaping and shaking the monetary sector world wide. But sustain capacity depend on proper understanding of consumer, in that location demand and the way they wont it.The of import objective of this report is to focus on engineering (especially IT) use in banking sectors. It in any case focuses on Limited decision Bank and faith Card system. Thus objectives of the study argon toChanges of future banking sector and impact of information systems.Limited purpose bank and use of technology in facilitating special purpose.Consumer banking and various consumer facilities yieldd by bank using information systems.Understand and suggest the online bank on the basis findings.Credit post horse banks, sub-prime lenders, and internet primary banks Mahboob, 2001FUTURE OF BANKING SECTORConsolidation of the banking industry What are the prospects for, and implications of, further consolidation of the banking industry, particularly relating to safety and soundness, market concentration, and fiddling line of reason outing credit?Combinations of trade and banking In future the questions may arise vexationing the pros and cons of allowing common ownership and the options for regulating combinations.Supervisory issues The implications for bank supervision for the growing complexity of large banking organizations may be other questions.Governance issues There are many corporate s usher outdals that have led to efforts to hold our corporate management and directors to a higher level of exemplification Willium, 1996LIMITED PURPOSE BANKLimited-purpose banks are creations that specialize in relatively narrow business lines. Making a certain type of loan, serving as a subset of consumers and offering different innovative products some limited-purpose banks create their market. They focus niche marketing concerning limited set of activities these banking institutions groundwork develop expertise in particular business li nes and depose become efficient producers. Specialization may have been promoted by technological innovations.Credit wit banks offer their customers both public toilet and liquidity by providing a financial product that can be used as a means of payment and a source of flash lamp credit. Some banks succeed banking service through and through internet are known as primary banks American Banker,1996CREDIT CARD BANKThe credit identity card banks endure their customers with both convenience and liquidity by offering a product that can be used as a payment device and as an open-end revolving credit. There is no fixed duration to allow credit card loans that complicates the measurement of interest- rate risk. It creates the problems of adverse selection because of mass marketing of credit cards, small average balances on individual account statements.High interest rates results in high profitability of credit card loans, fee income, securitization, successful use of technology, an d outgo economies in operations. We can expect that the prosperity of credit card banks will continue Ashust, 1996.There are some benefits and be for Participants having a Credit Card.Types of ParticipantsFunctionsAdvantagesCostsCard holderPurchasing of goods and operate.Carrying funds without carrying cashConvenient purchasesHaving ability to payment timely to match cash flowsEasy access to credit gift usingEasy access to floatOthers featuresHaving more interest rates and feesSome difficulties to manage creditMerchantsSales of goods and services.Almost no risks of carrying credit card and selling to consumers.Getting the guaranty of paymentAdvantages of access to large number of consumer base.Interchange fees on sales have to pay to card holdersProblem of Losing backstage credit information such as marketing information, customer loyalty, interest income and so onIssuing BankExtending credit to the card holdersCollection of payments from card holdersDistribution of cardsAutho rization of transactionsReceiv fitteds collectionIt is smooth to collect fees from the card holdersInterest rate spreads can be collect easilyGaining the ability to cross sell to their consumersAbility of being able to share supplant feesThere are some fraud risk concerning credit cardManaging cost of credit cardCard AssociationEstablishment of rules standards and standard protocols for governing participation in their interlockingPromotion of the brand of BankFormation of interchange fee structureCollection of assessment feesCollection of transaction feesCosts of expanding marketCosts of maintaining networkCost of taking different fraud simplification programsTECHNOLOGICAL USE IN BANKING SECTORImprovements in the technological field have played significant role in the growth of financial services industry as well as in the growth of limited-purpose banks. There are some people who th sign that specialization in financial institution comes from improvements in technology.Banking sector is going to get fully technology based. Most valuable reasons are the huge task conducted by business firms. Banks are fine-looking consumer service and getting more consumers oriented such as ATM service, Internet Banking, SME Loan, Priority Banking and so on. Banks are now competitive because of combination of banks and commerce. So they have to rear quick service such as check funding, quick withdrawal, fund switch, LC opening etc.For various purposes data-mining techniques are used in the financial industry. Credit scoring is the most mentionable example of the use. To produce a score to summarize a credit risk banks use statistical techniques and historical data as a credit scoring process. Credit scoring is a common form of speeding up credit decision to attract customers, and institutions use another efficient technique to identify their potential customers that is data-mining.In todays financial services industry electronic payment systems are important innovation s having methods of transferring funds electronically. Because of having less(prenominal) physical branches these banks rely on Automated Teller Machines to give opportunity to their customers to access their cash. It also provides advantage of accessing on the automated clearing house to transfer fund. Credit card banks can process the payments within short time and having no physical existence of branches because of the development of technology. This dramatically reduces the cost of credit card banks. This development benefitted the credit card card banks as well as customers.Credit card banks take the traditional notion of banking as challenge and they provide unique product mixes to draw considerable attention of the new customers. They also have unique business model to get competitive advantage Basel, June, 1996.BANKING engineeringBanking KioskA unique feature of the Versa Banker is its check mark deposit capability. It issues a receipt to deposit a checkout with a scanned image of the cheque. If a cheque is endorsed at the back detail transaction report is generated for the department of MIS of the bank.Personal EnquiriesThe Versa banker allows you to check your account balance, print a mini statement and feature cheque book requests.Internet BankingConnect to the internet and carry out transactions through e-banking, with the help of Versa Banker. It is asked by the bank to view details of ones account and by and by that to make transactions online.ATMTMs were originally developed as just cash dispensers they have evolved to include many other bank-related functions.ATMs include many functions which are not directly related to the management of ones own bank account, such asUpdatingpassbooksPaying routine bills, fees, and taxes (utilities, phone bills, social security, legal fees, taxes, etc.) stupefy currency recognition, acceptance, and recycling.Loading monetary value intostored value cardsPrintingbank statementsPurchasingConcert ticketsPostage stampsShopping mallgift certificates draftingticketsTrain ticketsMovie ticketsDonating to charitiesAdding pre-paidcell phonecredit.Cheque Processing ModuleGames and promotional featuresELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFERElectronic funds transferorEFTrefers to thecomputer-based systems used to performfinancial transactionselectronically.There is a number of different concepts that use this termA cardholder makes use of payment card indicate depositpayroll payments for a business to its employees, possibly via apayroll services companyDirect debitpayments from customer to business, where the transaction is initiated by the business with customer permissionElectronic bill paymentinonline banking, which may be delivered by EFT or paper checkWire transfervia an planetary banking network (generally carries a higher fee)Electronic Benefit TransferMICR CheckThe MICR stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition.This technology is unique and uses magnetically chargeable ink and/or toner to print the special characters or numbers on the bottom of the checks.E-13BCMC-7United States of AmericaFranceCanadaSpainAustraliaUnited KingdomOther Mediterranean CountriesJapan sec America (except Colombia)IndiaAfter printing, the documents are then processed mechanically and electronically through a reader-sorter machine.BANKS in BANGLADESH USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYThe two main technology based bank in Bangladesh are-Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd (DBBL)Eastern Bank Ltd (EBL)TECHNOLOGY USED BY DBBLDutch-Bangla Bank offers a complete electronic banking facility for your company around the clock. Most multi-nationals use this service because it is advanced, secure and affordable. DBBL creates a custom banking service to suit any business of any size. The services have a wide range that includes cash flow services, distribution banking and salary accounts. If a company knows what type of custom and tailored banking service they need, DBBL can provide it instantly and at minimal cost (usually free of charge).For example for your starting point, DBBL has created Employee Banking program which allowsProviding employees with timely salary paymentsTransactions are properly logged for your easy referenceSeamless and error free distribution of salariesHighly secure way of distributing moneyLower manpower neededReduces cash theft and peculationNo cash at hand in the office, all cash finally distributed through the largest ATM network in BangladeshDEBIT / CREDIT separateDutch-Bangla Bank family, always believe that, as in everything else, you deserve the best in banking too. We are here to assist you 365 days round the clock through our Customer Care Center.Normal cards use a magnetic strip at the back of the card. The information and security on that magnetic strip is unmoving and does not change. Hence it can be easily duplicated. But NexusEMVs processor uses its processor to fully digitally lock all the information. It prevents the information from being copied as the processor g enerates security codes rather than store it. It is a form of encryption.INTERNET BANKINGDBBL allows you to do seamless internet banking. This allows you to review your account, statements, paying bills as well as making some transactions. Because of local banking regulations, DBBL is not allowed to provide some types of transactions even though it is fully capable. Additional Internet Banking Features for Corporate BankingLetter of CreditBank GuaranteeLimits QuerySMS/MOBILE BANKINGDBBL pioneered Mobile Banking in Bangladesh. It was the first bank to offer banking facilties through a wide range of mobile phones. SMS (Short communicate System) is an extremely unsecure method to do mobile banking.The mobile phone networks are unsecure and there is nothing DBBL can do but to take precautionary steps. To make the most of this unsecure scenario, DBBL issues you a mobile PIN number which is different from the DBBL pin number for your mobile transactions. Not under any circumstances is th e DBBL PIN number to be used in mobile banking. A different PIN number and a mobile transaction limit imposed by DBBL provide some security (but not all) over the unsecure phone network. Clients should be aware and cautious that although DBBL does its best, it cannot guarantee full security over a phone network it has no control over.EBL INTERNET BANKINGEBL Internet banking application more efficient than others bank and EBL addresses the needs of individual as well as corporate account holders of EBL.List of TransactionsTransfers and Payments modes of EBLThere are different modes of transferring funds and customer can choose the modes he likes to transfer funds from selecting different modes. The user also has the right to choose the source and destination accounts because it depends upon his rights.Utility vertex Payment System of EBLThe customer can transfer funds from his accounts for making Utility Bill Payments to utility companies. The mode payment is as set up by the Bank.D epositsMaintaining DepositsThe user can view all the deposits maintained by the corporate.The customers are able to encash a deposit before its maturity.Session Summary of EBL bankingThe customer now able to view the transactions profiles performed in a session.SECURITY MECHANISMS encodingEncryption is the usual way to meet the data confidentiality requirements and although using a cruciate algorithm (symmetric or asymmetric) could be used, there are good reasons for using symmetric Financial times, November 8, 1996.Message AuthenticationA Message Authentication Code (MAC) is a cryptographic checksum, calculated using a symmetric algorithm, which is appended to a core and which can be verified by the recipient of the message. The use of MAC is one method of providing the integrity and authentication services, but it is not appropriate for meeting the requirements for no repudiation.Digital SignatureA digital signature is a checksum, calculated using the private key of an asymmetri c key pair, which is appended to a message and which can be verified by anyone with access to the corresponding public key. The digital signature is dependent on the complete message, so any change to the message will be detected. The real difference between MAC and digital signature is that as well as providing integrity and authentication, the later also provide non-repudiation.Algorithms and Cryptographic MechanismsThe constraint linked with each cryptographic algorithm (computation resources, time to compute, key management, algorithm capability and design) limits their use for only a presumption number of security services. The following table lists the main security services and states whether RSA or DES (Data Encryption Standard) can address them Denny, 1998CONCLUSIONThe present position of e-banking is not satisfactory in case of virtual banking, call center and SMS banking. But all banks under study have their connectivity with SWIFT channel. Major reason is that security concern. One study in Europe reported that there is 2.6% increase in establishment of Bank branches. That means that E-Banking is declining in Europe. The main concern is security. So, data confidentiality, integrity, proof of origin, peer entity authentication, non-repudiation must be ensured. A few problems have been experienced by the IT heads in the Banks such as withdrawal of money beyond the limit. This has taken place at ATM booths because there is agreement between Banks regarding networking. Barbara, 1997

Accessing Health and Social Care in the UK

Accessing Health and Social C ar in the UKWhen the National Health Services (NHS) was founded in 1948, one of the principles was to provide complete run to all and free at the succession of use up in UK (nursing times.net 2009). Access to wellness misgiving services is based on clinical needs of an individualistic and non the mogul to pay the services. This means everyone has the rights of get ating to wellness and mixer mete out, although it is still a major problem for low mixer stem and pagan minority who ar facing individualal, socio economic, ethnic and problems happening as results of the structure of health and social help processes (POSTNOTE 2007).In this essay, a case study will be apply to demonstrate a patient with learning disability who faces various problems during his access to health and social care services and factors that contributed to these problems. Also it will focus on how nurses could hold in these individuals to make decisions about the ir care. The meaning of learning disability will be explained. The assignment will also look at major cultural and social economic influencing the health and health preferences of individuals. Also it will analyze the differences betwixt health education and health promotion and with their importance in individual in accessing health and social care. The challenges inherent in meeting the needs of sight of varying abilities and social oscilloscopes will be look at as rise up as the factors that trigger the accessing of multi-professional health and social service. The essay will also discuss the go throughing of the legislation related to the provision of health and social care, as a nurse why are we needed to be aware of the inequalities in provision. A name mentioned in the case study has been changed in order to comply with the code of NMC (2008) and consent was obtained from the patient and the name Anil will be used in stead.Anil is a boy of eighteen years old who came to UK from South East Asia seven years ago. He lives with his parents in the housing estate of East London where majority are ethnic from South Asia. His father who earns minimum wages works in a food factory in six days a week, speaks English and his flummox is a fulltime housewife and does non speak English, only Hindu.Anil was born with Asperger syndrome, a lifelong disability that affects how a somebody makes sense of the world, processes information and relates to otherwise people. People with Asperger can find difficult to communicate and interacts with other (NAS 2010). Anil had never been to infirmary in India and he was treated by traditional healers. He only started seeks medical assistance when he moved to UK. Anil sensible condition has deteriorated recently. He does not eat surface look tired, sometimes suffered business organization and finding difficult in sleeping. Since he came to UK, he had been to school for three years only and he never had friends. He does n ot mix well with other people and his parents do not bother about this. At times he lets himself become a little neglected.Anil represents a venial and vulnerable group in a society who find difficulty in accessing and using health and social care because of the greater health care needs they claim than customary population. Motor and sensory disabilities, Epilepsy, hypertension and Alzheimers disease are some of the conditions that are common in this group (NURSING STANDARD 2010). The MENCAP narrative (DEATH IN DEFFERENCES 2007) states that people with learning disability are being treated wrongly in all segmentation of healthcare provision and they are not equally valued in the health services. The government also revealed that people with learning disabilities are short(p)er particularly uptake of invitations on primary care and hospital provisions such as access screening services (ALD 200/01). Because of their greater needs of healthcare, they are more prone to a wide mutation of additional physiologic and mental health problems as it shows to Anil. According to Tudor- Hart (cited in Hart 1985) on that point is an increasing in evidence of an inverse care law where those who needs are greatest get the least.Learning Disability is a life long condition which has a significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information and it is vary from one person to another. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines learning disability as terms of the body function which limits the activity of an individual in performing a task or action (WHO 2010)According to Thomas and Woods in their hand Working with people with learning disabilities 11(2003), a learning disability is a terminology used to label people with glower level of intellectual that is lower than the average to normal people in the society. The term itself was widely accepted in England following a speech in 1996 to MENCAP by Stephen Dorrell, the then escritoire for Health. Fr om time to time the title and labels stick changed and this has been driven by several influences. The term used to cover youngsterren with specific learning problems that may arises from a event of different things like emotional problems, medical problems and language impairment (BILD 2004). In the past, many people with learning disability were lived in institutions and have been labeled other than by their generations. Many different forms of terms have been used before. Terminology such as menace, sub- valet de chambre organism, unspeakable objects of dread, holy innocent, diseased organism, eternal child and many more (WOLFENSBERGER,1972). in that location are about 1.5 million people with learning disability in UK who require different levels of support (MENCAP). It has been identified that well-nigh 26.5% of people who have learning disability as being associated with genetic factors (Craft et al 1985).Learning Disabilities is caused by problems during brain development before, during and afterward birth (RCSLT 2009). There are different types of learning disabilities some of which are Asperger syndrome (a specific type of Autism) which affect a person the way interact to the world, reading disabilities, writing disabilities, non communicatory learning disabilities (NVLD) and many more (ALD 2000-2010), reading disability (dyslexia), speech and listening disability, and auditory processing disorder. It is often detected in early childhood.In UK there are laws and policies which describe how the needs of people with learning disabilities should be met. The purpose of these laws and policies is to improve quality of life and based on empowerment, making options and decision, having the same opportunity and rights as other people and social inclusion. Policy such as valuing people which explain how the government will provide same opportunity and choice for people with learning disabilities and their families to live full and in guessent lives as part of their local communities and to ensure they gain maximum life chance benefit ( universal time 2010).The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 which is a piece of legislation promotes the rights of people with learning disabilities to access healthcare and other care services. Healthcare providers must respect, support them and their families and conforms to professional standard (NHS 2006). It is the NHS duty to make sure they provide an equal service that can be easily accessed by anyone according to this Act.Most of the people with learning disabilities have sensory and physical impairment that make it hard to make their choices and to understand by others. A piece of legislation which protects them in England is psychological Capacity Act 2005 which is empowers and protects vulnerable people who are not able to make their own decision. People with learning disability will still have the right to give their consent for daily living and accessing the services despite of havi ng significantly reduced ability to understand new learning skills (NURSING STANDARD 2010). If the person lack a capacity of giving or refusing consent, it is still possible for care providers to provide care and treatments for the best interest of the person (DOH 2003). A visual sense showed that nearly 62%of all people with learning disabilities depend on their parents and other caregivers (EMERSON et al 2005).However, healthcare providers have a duty to understand and hump the needs of a person with learning disabilities and make sure their needs are met. It is a nursing role to work in partnership with the clients to suppress barriers by identifying what management and decision to represent the person mostly professionally although clients and their cares may make their own decision.People with learning disabilities in lower social classes are particularly disadvantage relative to the higher social classes in accessing healthcare services because of physical, social, psycholo gical and economic barriers that limit their full participation in society. Acheson (1998) identified the links between inequalities and poor health. He noted that health inequalities were widening with the poorest in society being more affected than those who are well off. The post code lottery which depends on where you might live is a big issue in NHS. The availability of better treatment, drugs and waiting time in a deprived area where people depend on state healthcare provisions will carry on experience poor access to services and treatment than those who have the power of buying services in private services (GUARDIAN 2000).People from ethnic backgrounds experience healthcare service differently due to their lack of knowledge which can be limited by the ability to communicate in English. They may find challenge to enter healthcare services because it may require, for example making a telephone call, appointment, coping with a queuing system and complex procedures ( NHS 2006). Different in cultures attitude and stigma between where they came from and UK can impact Anils health. It is believed that South Asian parents dont have positive attitudes towards disabilities because ghostly and superstitious beliefs (ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRIC 2003). Anils parents might not take his problem seriously because of their background and social stigma of having a child with disability (AUTISM-INDIA 2008).According to the report of Department of Health (2009) a review in development in tackling health inequalities of Acheson, recommended the improvement of living standards of people with lower income than average. Among the people in this group are people living in a deprived area and depend on social housing. Also people with learning disability may fail to get the necessary services because of lack of understanding about health issues articulating their needs based on their poor experiences of education system (Mathews 1996).Research carried out by Cartwright Obrie n1976 found that General Practitioners spend far less time with their patients from lower classes ( cited in Hart 1985,p59). The situation may be more complex for service users who have little or no verbal dialogue and those with learning disability. A learning disability person may be unable to identify and describe the signs and symptoms requiring accurate medical attention. The information may not be presented in accessible format and the staffs may ask questions which can not understand (NURSING STANDARD 2010).Unavailability of an experience interpreter in the healthcare settings can be barrier. It can affect the sensitivity of patients values and attitudes. To use a professional interpreter can reassure patients to communicate and feel freer when describing their religious beliefs and unsatisfactory environment conditions but to healthcare professionals may feel disempowerment and may depend on interpreters in order to carry out their roles (ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHTRIC 2003).So metimes physical access may be an issue for people with learning disability they find their appointment times are often too short to understand the system because of their difficulties and transport needs to access healthcare facilities are more distant. Practitioners may be given job in deprived areas with all preparation available but they may be in the risks of vandalism, theft and anti social behavior (Thomson J et al 2003 p59).The aims of the government today in UK is induce individuals to be more involved in their health. But the problems with availability of health promotion services and intricacys are some of concern due to the restructuring of health and social care for people with learning disabilities has been accelerated by NHS and community care Act (DOH 1990, Emerson Et al 1996 chap 11). For example, most of the health promotion discussion and activities to accessing equal primary healthcare is focus on medical involvements such as immunization (Stanley et al 1998 p71). Some of this medical approach can lead to built dependency for people with learning disabilities. Those with severe learning disabilities, their needs are becoming known to service providers through secondary and tertiary care after being referred by primary care. Among health promotion is prevention which is focusing on decrease of risk occurrence of diseases, disabilities and handicap. These activities occur in health care settings. Primary prevention is to prevent from risk factors such as obesity through education, exercise and diet. Primary prevention produces information on various health issues in pictorial and easily understandable format such as cancer. On secondary prevention, it involves identifies early signs of diseases occurring such as cancer screening and tertiary prevention is involves reducing the impact of the disease and promoting quality of life through active rehabilitation (Thomson et al 2003).Anils state of confusion may be caused a number of factors which might need further investigation. It is the duty of his General Practitioner (primary prevention) to refer him to hospital (secondary prevention) for investigation. A consultant may decide whether Anil has physical or mental illness.To deal with and removing barriers such as difficulty with interpersonal dialogue, health promotion will need to promote inclusion and reduce inequalities in service provision (Thomson et al 2003 p129). World Health Organization (2010) has made it clear that health promotion is the process of enabling individual to improve and growth control of their health. Many primary healthcare professional do not have skills to overcome this problem as results those people who have learning disabilities are less likely to receive lifestyle advice than those who do not have learning disabilities (Fitzsimmons Barr 1997). Learning disability nurses have a variety of skills in communication and observations which could be useful to teach other healthcare profes sionals in health and social care settings (Thomson et al 2003 p131)Health education as a part of health promotion is defined as a planned communication activities designed to attract well being and ill health in individuals and group through influencing the knowledge, belief, attitudes and behavior of those in power of the community at large (Tannahill 1985p167-8). For people with learning disabilities, health education might promote social inclusion through decreasing negative stereotyping by valuing and respecting their needs. On a more individual level, people who receive health education messages have a choice to decide whether to follow or not the message given (Thomson J et al 2003).Building partnerships between nurses, careers, other professional and people with learning disabilities is necessary in order to promote and educating health by identifying their physical and mental health condition (DOH 1995). A partnership is not only the way to adopt up to date statutory serv ices but also is about developing and acknowledging the collective responsibility for the health and wellbeing of the community which they belong (Thomson J et al 2003, p102).Having the opportunity to make choice about their healthcare is critical to their sense of inclusion in society. It is also a key factor in allowing individual like Anil to feel in control of his life. The NMC (National Midwifery Council) code of 2008sets out number of responsibilities on nurses to promote choice and respect the decisions of those they care. Nurses need to help them making their choice by making some simple adaptations. The first step can be taking a little more time to explain something and giving the person with learning disability more time to understand what is being said (NURSING STANDARDS 2010, P53).Other approach could be the involvement of relative or paid career not to make choice on behalf of the person with learning disability but to use their knowledge of the person to help the care professional interpret or to explain treatment options. In all this processes, nurses need to ensure that they obtain consent before they lower assessment and treatment. Any decision to be taken by the staff must be in the interests of the person and must regard to his or her human rights.To conclude, the essay has set out key difficulties experienced by people with learning disabilities in accessing healthcare services and the gap between rich and poor who are accessing healthcare appear to be widening. People who have learning disabilities are generally underestimated and find themselves failure to succeed their expectation. They experience more health problems than any other group in a society but use healthcare services less than the general population (RODGER 1996). Inequalities in health for people with learning disabilities must be dealt with by healthcare providers in health care provision with the aim of closing the division between the general public experiences and this group. By using good quality of health care and respecting peoples rights to access, and making reasonable adjustment, the lives of people with learning disabilities can be changed. Healthcare providers have a duty to ensure that people with learning disabilities are offered regular checking and are included in health screening program.

marketing consulting :: essays research papers

merchandise Departments in mid-sized businesses face lots of challenges such as how to crisscross guests more efficiently, how to increase market share, how to compete in the market-place and be ahead of competition, and how to increase one-to-one communications with customers. The unsteady economy has pressured businesses to become as contour as possible, leaving marketing departments short on budget and staff. Today, our role as Marketing Consultants is to help companies not only retain current customers still also aggressively grow market-share, open new market potentials and add new customers. Our Marketing offerings can help companies conquer these challenges. We can help developing, superintendence and executing your Marketing Strategies, whether through dealing with your Marketing Department or through assigning persons from our smart set. Why we execute, or supervise for you?Because todays stinting realities have put a tremendous amount of pressure on the Marketing De partments to do more with less staff and budget. Marketing is the core of the companys activities and strategies in todays high competitive market.In the coming years, due to globalization, competition will boost, professional companies will achieve supernumerary success and economical pressure will become very high. Please note here that cutbacks put companies at risk for losing customers through a neglect of new initiatives and competition monitoring. The only possible response is to increase efficiency through outsourcing your Marketing Planning to experts in the field.Many Business Owners or Managers hold that by simply placing an Ad in a newspaper or a commercial on a radio or a idiot box station, customers will automatically come to purchase their product or service. This could bring some customers out of curiosity but hundreds of other potential customers may never learn of your business. Just think of the money youll lose simply because you didnt develop an adequate Mark eting Plan.As mentioned previously, Marketing is the core of your Business trading operations and it determines how successful your business will be. What you, as a Business Owner or Manager, must do is maintain a thorough understanding of the Marketing Plan, and use it to extract advantages from the marketplace. Remember, your aim is not only to attract and keep a steady group of loyal customers but also to expand your customer base by identifying and attracting new customers and to reduce risks by anticipating Market Shifts that can affect your bottom line. we visualize success to your company and help you reach it

A Separate Peace :: Free Essay Writer

What point of view does each character show in regards to their attitude to the struggle?The war is a symbol of how things are not always what they seem. Recruiting posters and propaganda to join the army convinced many boys into thinking the war is an kindle adventure. The characters Gene, Finny, and Leper are used as opposing forces struggle between that cold frankness of war and a separate peace(Brian, Gatten), A peace remote from the real war and all the terrible things that come. The attitudes towards war of Finny, Gene and Leper reflect their approach to life. Finny does not face the reality in life nor the war, Leper (stands on the sidelines) is detached from life and the war, while Gene is a follower in life and the war.Finny does not face the reality in life nor the war by, finny first begins to bring into being games. Because Phineas cannot face the reality of the real war. For him, these games are representative of the war. Finny made up these games and he made it s o that he could be in control. This is just alike Finny s world of separate peace. Also finny does not fully understand the impact of war on sight. He does not understand that war kills people physically and mentally. He also does not understand how it affects a persons life.Finny is not present for the beginning of the fall session at Devon and as a result, the statement Peace had deserted Devon(knowles, pg. 132). Is true indicates the lack of peacethe peace that the school had come to know when finny was present.(Brian, Gatten) With the lack of this peace, the door is open for the reality that is war, to enter. (Brian, Gatten)Finny has his own reality, about the war. That is why he created the games to the substitute for the war.Lepers attitude towards to the war is that he feels that was does not affect him. Leper is much like Finny because of his innocent, romanticistic view of the world, he loves nature and especially skiing during the winter. Leper is not popular at Devon d ue to his oddities, but he does not give any assistance to such things. He joins the army after seeing a film about their ski troops although he is not even fighting is the war he is shocked to find military life to be much different from what he expects.